Chapter 2 Anatomy – Flashcards

protons (hydrogen ions)

neutralized reactions

water

HCl+NaOH→NaCl+H2O-- produce new chemical things

synthesis exchange decomposition dehydration synthesis

reactants

synthesis reactions

Two smaller molecules join together after a water molecule is removed from between them.

occur when atoms of molecules combine to forma larger, more complex molecule. Underlie all anabolic activity that occur in the body cells. Particularly important for growth • Atoms or molecules combine • Energy is absorbed for bond formation: because energy is absorbed to make bonds, synthesis reactions are energy absorbing reactions.

• Molecule is broken down • Chemical energy is released as bonds are broken.. underlie all catabolic reactions (destructive) that occur in the body cells

(AB + C→AC + B) • Involves both synthesis and decomposition reactions: bonds are both made a broken • Switch is made between molecule parts and different molecules are made

• Contain carbon • Most are covalently bonded • Includes carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

• Lack carbon • Tend to be simpler compounds • Includes water, salts, and some acids and bases

• Most abundant inorganic compound in the body—2/3 of body weight • Vital properties • High heat capacity: aborbs and releases large ammounts of heart befor its temperature changes appreciably—prevents sudden change of body temp • Polarity/solvent properties:universal solcent—liquid of gas in which smaller amounts of other substances, called solutes, can be dissolved or suspended: all chemicals relie on water. • Chemical reactivity: important reactant in some types of chemical reactionsL - digest foods. • Cushioning: cerebrospinal fluid—helps cushion around the brain

• Easily dissociate into ions in the presence of water • Vital to many body functions • Include electrolytes which conduct electrical currents

• Release hydrogen ions (H+) • Are proton donors (because hydrogen ion is essentially hydrogen) stron acid loses all its protons

• Release hydroxyl ions (OH-) • Are proton acceptors When acids and bases are mixed they form water and salt.

• Acids and bases react to form water and a salt

• Measures relative concentration of hydrogen ions • pH 7 = neutral • pH below 7 = acidic • pH above 7 = basic • Buffers—chemicals that can regulate pH change

• Composed of a nucleotide built from ribose sugar, adenine base, and three phosphate groups • Chemical energy used by all cells • Energy is released by breaking high energy phosphate bond • ATP is replenished by oxidation of food fuels

• Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen • Include sugars and starches • Classified according to size • Monosaccharides—simple sugars • Disaccharides—two simple sugars joined by dehydration synthesis • Polysaccharides—long-branching chains of linked simple sugars

• Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen • Carbon and hydrogen outnumber oxygen • Insoluble in water

• Neutral fats (triglycerides) • Found in fat deposits • Source of stored energy • Composed of three fatty acids and one glycerol molecule • Saturated fatty acids contain only single covalent bonds • Unsaturated fatty acids contain one or more double covalent bonds • Phospholipids • Contain two fatty acids rather than three • Form cell membranes • Steroids • Include cholesterol, bile salts, vitamin D, and some hormones • Cholesterol is the basis for all steroids made in the body

• Account for over half of the body's organic matter • Provide for construction materials for body tissues • Play a vital role in cell function • Act as enzymes, hormones, and antibodies • Contain carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur • Built from amino acids

• Contain an amine group (NH2) • Contain an acid group (COOH) • Vary only by R groups

• Act as biological catalysts • Increase the rate of chemical reactions • Bind to substrates at an active site

• Built from nucleotides • Pentose (5 carbon) sugar • A phosphate group • A nitrogenous base • A = Adenine • G = Guanine • C = Cytosine • T = Thymine • U = Uracil.

• The genetic material found within the cell's nucleus • Provides instructions for every protein in the body • Organized by complimentary bases to form a double-stranded helix • Contains the sugar DEOXYRIBOSE and the bases adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine • Replicates before cell division

• Carries out DNA's instructions for protein synthesis • Created from a template of DNA • Organized by complimentary bases to form a single-stranded helix • Contains the SUGAR RIBOSE AND the bases adenine, uracil, cytosine, and guanine • Three varieties are messenger, transfer, and ribosomal RNA