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Electorate

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• Everyone who can vote • Divided almost precisely evenly between the Republicans and the Democrats • Sixteen states were republican and fourteen states were democratic (five states were usually in doubt) • Republicans generally controlling the Senate and the Democrats generally controlling the house

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Partisanship

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• Government action based on firm allegiance to a political party

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spoils and patronage

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A practice where a political party, after winning an election, gives government jobs to its voters as a reward for working toward victory, and as an incentive to keep working for the party

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Factions

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• Political groups that agree on objectives and policies; the origins of political parties

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civil service

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• the group of people whose job it is to carry out the work of the government

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Mugwumps

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A group of renegade Republicans who supported 1884 Democratic presidential nominee Grover Cleveland instead of their party's nominee, James G. Blaine.

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"rum, Romanism, and rebellion."

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• this statement attacked the Democratic party, rebellion referred to civil war, Romanism referred to Catholicism(anti), rum referred to drinking, anti immigrant party

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protective tariffs

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A tariff designed to shield domestic producers of a good or service from the competition of foreign producers • taxes on imported goods designed to protect domestic producers

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Grangers

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• Led by Oliver H. Kelly The Grange was a group of farmers that worked for improvement for the farmers. They strove to curve railroad rates, get wholesale prices, set up insurance company, factories and warehouses.

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"commerce clause"

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The clause in the Constitution (Article I, Section 8, Clause 1) that gives Congress the power to regulate all business activities that cross state lines or affect more than one state or other nations.

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Half-Breeds

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• Moderate republicans who favored civil service reform • Competed for control of the Republican Party and threatened to split it • Favored reform • Were mainly interested in a larger share of the patronage pie • Captained by James G. Blaine of Maine

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Stalwarts

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• Republicans who favored traditional, professional machine politics • Led by Roscoe Conkling of New York • Competed for control of the Republican Party and threatened to split it

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Roscoe Conkling (NY)

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• Leader of Stalwarts from NY

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James G. Blaine(ME)

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• Republican candidate for president in 1884, quintessence of spoils system; highly disgusted the mugwumps (many Republicans turned to Democrat Cleveland) Blaine was one of the late 19th century's leading Republicans and champion of the moderate reformist faction of the party known as the "Half-Breeds".

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Rutherford B. Hayes

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• President from 1877-1881 • He tried to satisfy both the Stalwarts and the Half-Breeds but ended up not satisfying either • Referred to as "His Fraudulency," throughout his term • His one important substantive initiative- an effort to create a civil service system- attracted no support form either party • His early announcement that he would not seek reelection only weaken him further

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James A. Garfield

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• President of the United States, elected in 1880 • He was a veteran congressman from Ohio and a Half-Breed • Began his presidency by trying to defy the stalwarts in his appointments and by showing support for civil service reform • Found himself embroiled in an ugly public quarrel with both Conkling and other Stalwarts • Assassinated

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Chester A. Arthur

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• A stalwart from NY • He spent a political lifetime as a devoted, skilled and open spoils man. • was Garfield's Vice President until Garfield was assassinated • after the assassination he became president • tried to follow an independent course and even to promote reform • kept most of Garfield's appointees in office and supported civil service reform

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Gen. Winfield Scott Hancock

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• A former Civil War commander with no actual political qualifications, he was the democratic candidate for president in the 1880 election.

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Carl Schurz

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• Politician and journalist who kept on the moral high ground and avoided partisanship at all costs. • Fought against slavery and for good treatment of native Americans • Liberal, cabinet member of Hayes that encouraged his efforts in reforming the civil service program

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George William Curtis & Thomas Nast—Harpers Weekly

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• The popularity of Harper's Weekly, however, grew because of its coverage of the Civil War. It was widely read by the soldiers of the Union Army, and the magazine hired artists, including Thomas Nast. • George William Curtis became editor of Harper's Weekly and under him the magazine's influence grew. Curtis and Nast worked well together for a time • Nast's cartoons attacking William Tweed and his political cronies in New York City gained national attention, and boosted the magazine's circulation • Both Curtis and Nast, although they had their disagreements, were important Republicans, although the magazine was ostensibly non-partisan

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E. L Godkin--The Nation

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• Godkin was an editor, whose criticism in his book The Nation and New York's Evening Post, which he edited, was influential in the reform movement. He was also a former mugwump and anti-imperialist.

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Grover Cleveland

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• only Democrat elected to presidency from 1856 to 1912; • he served two nonconsecutive terms; elected in 1884, losing in 1888, and winning again in 1892. • His second term was marred by the Depression of 1893. • Acquired a reputation as an enemy of corruption • Respected for his stern and righteous opposition to politicians, grafters, pressure groups, and Tammany Hall • Became famous as the "veto governor" • he believed the existing high rates were responsible for the annual surplus in federal revenues which was tempting Congress to pass "reckless" and "extravagant" legislation which he frequently vetoed • he asked congress to reduce the tariff rates

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Benjamin Harrison

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• the twenty-third President of the United States, • serving one term from 1889 to 1893. • A republican who had previously served as a senator from Indiana. • Best known for the McKinley Tariff

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Civil War Pension System

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• money to veterans and widows; not made permanent because party patronage and corruption

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Election of 1880 (P)

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• In this election, Republican James A. Garfield with Stalwart vice president, Chester A. Arthur, ran against Democrat Winfield Scott Hancock • Garfield won.

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Garfield's Assassination 1881

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• Shot twice while standing in a railroad station in Washington • the deranged gunman yelled "I am a Stalwart and Arthur is president now!" • Finally died 3 months later

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Pendleton Act 1883

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• Reform passed by Congress that ended the spoils system • Passed in part in reaction to assassination of President Garfield it established the U.S. Civil Service Commission to administer a merit system for hiring in government jobs.

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Election of 1884 (P)

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• Senator James G. Blaine know as (plumed knight) • "Mugwumps" announced that they would bolt the party and support an honest Democrat. • Democrat candidate- Grover Cleveland won.

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Election of 1888 (P)

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• Democrats- Cleveland. Republicans- Benjamin Harrison. • Most corrupt and one of the closest elections in American history. • Harrison won an electoral majority but Cleveland's popular vote exceeded Harrison's by 100,000.

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Sherman Antitrust Act 1890

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• Prohibited "combination in restraint of trade" • "had virtually no impact"

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Dependent Pension Act 1890

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• civil war veterans get a pension

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United States v. E. C. Knight Co. (1895)

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• This was a case where the government sued E.C Knight Co. due a violation in the Sherman Anti-Trust Act since E.C. controlled 98% of the sugar refinement industry. • The court ruled in favor of E.C. Knight, stating that manufacturing was not subject to the act. This made regulation more difficult.

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McKinley Tariff 1890

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raised tariffs to the highest level they had ever been. Big business favored these tariffs because they protected U.S. businesses from foreign competition.

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Election of 1892 (P)

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• Like election of 1888 with Cleveland and Benjamin Harrison • Cleveland won, again he supported a tariff reduction.

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Panic of 1893

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• This precipitated the most severe depression the nation had yet experienced. • The Philadelphia and Reading Railroad were unable to meet payments on loans and declared bankruptcy. • Stock market fell and a wave of bank failures began.

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Wilson-Gorman Tariff 1894

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Protective tariff that was passed to ease the Panic of 1893—It had an amendment on it that created a graduated income tax.

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Wabash Case (1886)

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• Supreme Court case that ruled Granger laws unconstitutional and limited the rights of states to control interstate commerce. • Led to the creation of the Interstate Commerce Commission

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Interstate Commerce Act 1887—

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• "Banned discrimination in rates between short and long hauls." this meant that railroads had to publish their rate schedule

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Interstate Commerce Commission

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o The 1887 law that expanded federal power over business by prohibiting the discrimination of rates by railroads and establishing the first federal regulatory agency.

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Populism

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• tend to claim that they side with "the people" against "the elites" • has been viewed as a political ideology, political philosophy, or as a type of discourse • party of the early U.S. populist movement in which millions of farmers and other working people successfully enacted their anti-trust agenda • was a response to real economic and political grievances • important as a cultural experience, especially for farmers • it provided an antidote to isolation and loneliness

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Cooperatives

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• an autonomous association of persons who voluntarily cooperate for their mutual social, economic, and cultural benefit

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Temperance

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• a social movement urging reduced or prohibited use of alcoholic beverages • typically criticize excessive alcohol use, promote complete abstinence (teetotalism), or pressure the government to enact anti-alcohol legislation or complete prohibition of alcohol.

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Constituency

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• A body of citizens entitled to elect a representative (as to a legislative or executive position) • The residents in an electoral district or an electoral district • The people involved in or served by an organization (as a business or institution)

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marginalize

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• to place in a position of marginal importance, influence, or power

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"free silver"

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• the idea of permitting silver to become, along with gold, the basis of the currency so as to expand the money supply.

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"southern demagogue"

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• Populism produced the first generation of what was to become a distinctive and enduring political breed, the southern demagogue

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Mary E. Lease

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• Went on to become a fiery populist orator • Was famous for urging farmers to "raise less corn and more hell" • Was a fixture on the Alliance lecture circuit in the 1890's • Her critics called her the "Kansas Pythoness"

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Leonidas L. Polk

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• From North Carolina • Perhaps the ablest mind in the movement • rose to nationwide prominence through his leadership of the state and national Farmers' Alliance, which had begun in Texas. • He became its national vice president in 1887 and its president in 1889.

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James B. Weaver

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• The populist presidential candidate • From Iowa • A former Greenbacker who received the nomination after the death of Leonidas Polk

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Greenbacks" and Legal Tender Cases (1871)

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• The Legal Tender Cases were a series of United States Supreme Court cases in the latter part of the nineteenth century that affirmed the constitutionality of paper money. • In the 1870 case of Hepburn v. Griswold, the Court had held that legal tender in the form of paper money violated the United States Constitution.

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Munn v Illinois (1896)

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• a United States Supreme Court case dealing with corporate rates and agriculture. • allowed states to regulate certain businesses within their borders, including railroads, and is commonly regarded as a milestone in the growth of federal government regulation • Munn was one of six cases, the so-called Granger cases, all decided in the United States Supreme Court during the same term, all bearing on the same point, and all decided on the same principles.

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Bland-Allison Act 1878

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• an 1878 act of Congress requiring the U.S. Treasury to buy a certain amount of silver and put it into circulation as silver dollars. • Though the bill was vetoed by President Rutherford B. Hayes, the Congress overrode Hayes' veto on February 28, 1878 to enact the law.

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Farmers' Alliances and "Colored Alliances"

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• an organized agrarian economic movement among American farmers that developed and flourished in the 1870s and 1880s. • One of the goals of the organization was to end the adverse effects of the crop-lien system on farmers in the period following the American Civil War. • The Alliance also generally supported the government regulation of the transportation industry, establishment of an income tax to fetter speculative profits, and the adoption of an inflationary relaxation of the nation's money supply as a means of easing the burden of repayment of loans by debtors. • The Farmers' Alliance moved into politics in the early 1890s under the banner of the People's Party, commonly known as the "Populists

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Ocala Demands 1890

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• platform for economic and political reform that was later adopted by the People's Party • proposed a system of "subtreasuries," which would replace and strengthen the cooperatives with which both the Grangers and Alliances had been experimenting for years

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Populist (People's) Party 1892

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• they called for the abolition of national banks which they believed were dangerous institutions of concentrated power • they also wanted the end of absentee ownership of land, the direct election of United States senator and other devices to improve the ability of the people to influence the political process • they called for regulation and government ownership of railroads, telephones and telegraphs and they demanded as system of government operated postal savings banks a graduated income tax and the inflation of the currency • some were anti-semitic or anti-intellectual, anti-castern and anti-urban

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Election of 1892

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• witnessed a rematch of the closely contested 1888 election. • Former President Grover Cleveland and incumbent President Benjamin Harrison both ran for re-election to a second term. • In 1888, Cleveland had won the popular vote over Harrison but lost in the electoral college, thus losing the election. In this rematch Cleveland won both the popular and electoral vote, thus becoming the only person in American history to be elected to a second, non-consecutive presidential term and returning to the presidency as the 24th president.

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Omaha Platform of 1892

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• The reform program of the populists was spelled out in this • program adopted at the formative convention of the Populist (or People's) Party held in Omaha, Nebraska on July 4, 1892

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Contraction of Credit

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economic condition in which investment capital is difficult to obtain

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Bankruptcy

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• One of the first signs of trouble was the bankruptcy of the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad, which had greatly over-extended itself, on February 23, 1893, ten days before Grover Cleveland's second inauguration. • President Cleveland dealt directly with the Treasury crisis, and successfully convinced Congress to repeal the Sherman Silver Purchase Act, which he felt was mainly responsible for the economic crisis. • As concern for the state of the economy worsened, people rushed to withdraw their money from banks and caused bank runs. The credit crunch rippled through the economy. • A financial panic in the United Kingdom and a drop in trade in Europe caused foreign investors to sell American stocks to obtain American funds backed by gold.

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Bimetallism

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• The United States had recognized two metals- gold and silver- as a basis for the dollar, a monetary standard under which the basic unit of currency is defined by stated amounts of two metals (usually gold and silver) with values set at a predetermined ratio

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Jacob Coxey

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• An Ohio businessman and Populist • Began advocating a massive public works program to create jobs for the unemployed and an inflation of the currency • Created an army to achieve what he wanted • He was arrested for walking on the grass of the Capital

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William H. Harvey

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He wrote Con's Financial School in 1894 which explained the monetary issue in layman's terms. He advocated free coinage of silver and said that economic problems were caused by inflation and gold coins.

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Inflation

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• a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services in an economy over a period of time • When the general price level rises, each unit of currency buys fewer goods and services

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"....You shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold."

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• delivered by William Jennings Bryan, a former United States congressman from Nebraska, at the Democratic National Convention in Chicago on July 9, 1896 • Bryan supported bimetallism or "free silver", which he believed would bring the nation prosperity. • He decried the gold standard, concluding the speech, "you shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold".

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whistlestop campaign"

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• a style of political campaigning where the politician makes a series of brief appearances or speeches at a number of small towns over a short period of time. • Originally, whistle-stop appearances were made from the open platform of an observation car or a private railroad car.

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"front-porch" campaign"

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• a low-key electoral campaign used in American politics in which the candidate remains close to or at home to make speeches to supporters who come to visit. • The candidate largely does not travel around or otherwise actively campaign. • The successful presidential campaigns of James A. Garfield in 1880, Benjamin Harrison in 1888 and William McKinley in 1896 are perhaps the best-known front porch campaigns.

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"battle of standards"

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• The debate was over what would form the basis of the dollar • Many people believed that currency was worthless if there was not something concrete behind it

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Specie

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• Coined money, or a coin

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Coin's Financial School 1894

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• Novel by William H. Harvey • Published in 1894 • Became one of the great best-sellers of its age • The fictional Professor Coin ran an imaginary school specializing in finance and the book consisted of his lectures and his dialogues with his students

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Coxey's Army (1894)

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• Jacob S. Coxey's army • Numbered about 500 when it reached Washington after having marched on foot from Ohio • March of the unemployed to the capital to present their demands to the government

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"crime of 73"—Coinage Act of 1873

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• Many Americans concluded that a conspiracy of big bankers had been responsible for the demonization of silver and referred to the law as the Crime of '73 • enacted by the United States Congress in 1873; it embraced the gold standard, and demonetized silver

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Marcus Hanna

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• an Ohio boss • led the Republicans in the election of 1896 • friend and political manager of President William McKinley • Hanna secured appointment as senator from Ohio after Sherman was made Secretary of State; he was re-elected by the Ohio General Assembly in 1898 and 1904

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William McKinley

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Republican president, 1897-1901, who was for the gold standard, high tariffs and stood for expansion.

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William Jennings Bryan

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This Democratic candidate ran for president most famously in 1896 (and again in 1900). His goal of "free silver" (unlimited coinage of silver) won him the support of the Populist Party. Even after he gave the famous "Cross of Gold" Speech he lost the election to Republican William McKinley. He ran again for president and lost in 1900. Admirers hailed him as the Great Commoner

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Cross of Gold" speech 1896

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One of the most famous political speeches in American history in support of free silver Made by thirty-six-year-old Congressman William Jennings Bryan from Nebraska. "You shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns; you shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold."

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Sherman Silver Purchase Act 1893

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Required the government to purchase (but not coin silver, and to pay for it in gold. President Clevland believed this was the main cause of the weakening gold reserves.

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Repeal of Sherman Silver Purchase Act 1893

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President Grover Cleveland, who stood for the gold standard, succeeded in having this repealed over the strong objections of William Jennings Bryan. However, little gold was in the treasury; thus, the panic of 1893 could not be avoided and the crisis remained until 1896.

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Election 1896 (p)

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William McKinley (R)won against William Jennings Bryan (D)

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Dingley Tariff 1897

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Raised import duties to the highest point in American history.

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Gold Standard (currency) 1900

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Gold was given a specific value to the dollar and required all currency issued by the united States to hew to that value.

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