Chapter 19 Cardiovascular System Blood – Flashcards
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Which can be used to characterize blood flow in the human body?
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a.) There is unidirectional blood flow.
d.) Arteries carry blood away from heart
e.) Veins carry blood toward the heart.
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The pulmonary trunk receives blood from the right ventricle and conducts it toward the lung. The pulmonary trunk is a(n) _________.
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artery
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The receiving chambers of the heart are the atria, and the forcefully pumping chambers of the heart are the ventricles.
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True
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Which analogy fits the human heart?
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It is like a double pump, each working side by side with the other.
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Which carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart?
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pulmonary veins
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Which circuit of the cardiovascular system is responsible for sending blood to the kidneys, stomach, and pelvic regions?
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systematic circuit
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Which of the cardiovascular system's circuits has deoxygenated blood in its arteries?
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pulmonary circuit
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The epicardium is another name for the
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visceral layer of the serous pericardium
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The serous fluid within the pericardial cavity works to:
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lubricate membranes of the pericardium.
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Visceral layer of serous pericardium (epicardium)
Tough membranous sac enclosing the heart, multiple layers
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Pericardium
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What makes up the pericardial sac?
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fibrous pericardium
parietal layer of serous pericardium
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The serous fluid within the pericardial cavity works to..?
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lubricate membranes of the pericardium
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Which layer is made of dense irregular connective tissue?
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Fibrous pericardium
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The layer of heart wall composed of cardiac muscle
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Myocardium
( middle layer of the heart) Contraction generates force to pump blood
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Covers internal surface of heart and external surface of valves
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Endocardium
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The papillary muscles attach to the cusps of the atrioventricular valves by means of the:
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Chordae tendineae
( In ventricles)
Thin strands of collagen fibers, anchored by papillary muscles
(attached to AV valves)
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The internal wall surface of each ventricle displays large, smooth, irregular muscular ridges called
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trabeculae carneae
Smooth, irregular ridges on internal wall of the right ventricle
(In ventricles)
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Cone shaped , muscular projections extend from internal wall
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Papillary muscles
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Pectinate muscles are found on the:
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Internal walls of the right and left atrium
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Fossa Ovalis
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Oval depression on interatrial septum
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Which are functions performed by the fibrous skeleton of the heart?
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a.) Separates the atria and ventricles.
b.) Anchors heart valves
c.)provides electrical insulation
d.) provides the framework for the attachment of the myocardium
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The systematic circulation is bigger than the pulmonary circulation
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True
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Which are differences between cardiac muscle tissue and skeletal muscle tissue?
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a.) Sarcoplasmic reticulum in cardiac muscle tissue is less extensive.
c.) Cardiac muscle has intercalated discs, skeletal muscle does not
d.) Cardiac muscles has multiple nuclei per cell.
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Myofibrils within cardiac muscle cells are aligned in sarcomeres.
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True
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Metabolically, cardiac muscle relies on:
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aerobic metabolism using many mitochondria and a rich supply of myoglobin.
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Which veins drains directly into the right atrium?
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Coronary sinus
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The heart valves:
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permit the passage of blood in one direction.
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Which action leads to the closure of the right atrioventricular valve?
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Contraction of the right ventricle
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Which valve prevents the backflow of blood into the left ventricle when the ventricles relax?
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Aortic semilunar valve
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An autorhythmic heart cell is one in which:
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action potentials fire spontaneously.
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For the repolarization phase of an SA nodal cell action potential:
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calcium channels close and potassium channels open.
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Vagal tone refers to the:
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decreasing of the heart rate below its inherent rhythm by parasympathetic stimulation.
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What is the sequence of events in the transmission of an impulse through the heart muscle?
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SA node
Through the atria
AV node
AV Bundle
Bundle branches ( Bundle of HIS)
Perkinje Fibers
Through the Ventricles
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At the AV node of the conduction system, the action potential is:
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delayed due to the cells being small and having few gap junctions.
" Action potentials transmitted through gap junctions from cell to cell"
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During the plateau phase of a cardiac muscle cell's action potential, the membrane stays:
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depolarized as potassium exits and calcium enters
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As with action potentials in other types of cells, the repolarization of cardiac muscle cells involves the
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exit of potassium through voltage-gated channels.
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Most of the calcium that triggers contraction of cardiac muscle comes
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from the sarcoplasmic reticulum of the cell
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To initiate a cardiac muscle cell contraction, calcium:
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binds to troponin.
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Like skeletal muscle cells, cardiac muscle cells have an absolute refractory period prior to repolarization.
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True
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Which type of muscle cell exhibits a longer refractory period?
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Cardiac muscle cell
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The plateau phase of an action potential:
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allows cardiac muscle cells to contract and then relax without locking up.
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What part of the cardiac conduction system is located in the posterior wall of the right atrium, adjacent to the entrance of the superior vena cava?
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SA node
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The atrioventricular (AV) node is located in the:
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floor of right atrium
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Which segment of the ECG reflects the plateau phase of ventricular muscle cells' action potentials?
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S-T Segment
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Someone with a heart block would have:
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A long P-R interval
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How many chambers contract at one time during the Cardiac Cycle?
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2 ventricles
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During ventricular systole
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the semilunar valves open and the AV valves close.
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The opening and closing of the heart valves is caused by
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pressure changes of alternating contraction and relaxation during the cardiac cycle.
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Blood moves into and then out of a heart chamber because:
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it moves along its pressure gradient, and that gradient depends on contraction and relaxation during the cardiac cycle.
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Just prior to atrial systole
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All four chambers are at rest and AV valves are open
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Cardiac output is the amount of blood that is pumped:
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by a single ventricle in one minute
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Cardiac output equals the
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heart rate multiplied by stroke volume
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Norepinephrine is considered a positive chronotropic agent since it causes:
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an increase in the firing rate of SA node cells
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According to the Frank-Starling law
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as the volume of blood entering the heart increases, ventricular contractions become more forceful.
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Which of the following would cause a decrease in cardiac output
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An increase in afterload
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Sympathetic intervention of the heart
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a.) Increases the heart rate.
c.) Increases the force of contractions
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Coronary vessels are open when the heart is
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relaxed
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The left ventricle walls are typically thicker than the right ventricular wall.
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True
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About 70% of the ventricle filling is achieved passively without the contraction of the atria.
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True
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Though the autonomic innervation by autonomic centers in the brainstem cannot initiate a heartbeat, it can increase or decrease the heart rate.
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True
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The amount of blood ejected in one contraction
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Stroke volume (SV)
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After contractions are complete and ventricles are at their emptiest
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End Systolic Volume (ESV)
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How to calculate ESV?
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EDV-SV=ESV
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How to calculate systolic volume (SV)?
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ESV-EDV=EDV
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The heart is composed of
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dense iregular connective tissue
