Chapter 17 Study Guide – Flashcards

During the 17th Century, Europe's climate became colder and wetter. A colder and wetter climate in Europe meant a shorter growing season with lower yields. The results to the weather change were recurrent famines that reduced the population, and diseases that were a result of malnutrition and exhaustion. Outbreaks of the Black Death continued in Europe until the 1720's.

Netherlands

the Black Death in western europe had played a role in ending serfdom but in eastern Europe, peasants had lost their land and had to enter into a feudal relationship; largely in Poland and eastern Germany; monarchs actually lost power to the nobles in the 16th century many eastern European towns lost privileges and population; but kings began to increase power in 17th century

rulers and nobles in eastern Europe had attracted new settlers to their sparsely populated estates by offering them land on excellent terms and granting them much personal freedom. . By the early 1500s lords in many eastern territories could command their peasants to work for them without pay for as many as six days a week.

In 1555 the two religious groups came to an uneasy truce under the Peace of Augsburg, which officially recognized Lutheranism and allowed political authorities in each German territory to decide whether the territory would be Catholic or Lutheran. But the truce deteriorated as the faiths of various areas shifted

The root cause of the Thirty Years' War were the conflicts between Catholics and Protestants in the Holy Roman Empire. Th emperor was Catholic, and Protestantism was spreading in parts of the Empire, including Germany, and clashes resulted. Despite Peace of Augsburg in 1555 (recognized and spilt Catholicism and Lutheranism authority in Germany) did not create peace because didn't recognize Calvinism; by 1609 HRE split into Protestant Union and Catholic league **Religious war spanning 1618-1648; began in HRE (Holy Roman Empire) but spread throughout Europe (except england); 4 phases 1st- War broke out between Catholic Hapsburg Holy Roman emperors and Protestant nobles in Bohemia who rebelled; soon all of Europe consumer (except England) when Catholic Ferdinand II became king; 2nd Danish phase; 3rd Swedish phase; 4th French phase Most battles took place on German soil; France entered in 1635 under leadership of Cardinal Richelieu vs. Spain and Holy Roman Empire for leadership Most destructive; new weaponry such as musket with bayonet was more efficient because of faster load time; armies better trained with more mobility; 1700 France's army was 400,000 men states made important strides toward sovereignty; has a monopoly over instruments of justice an use of force

Peace of Westphalia ended war in 1648; France emerged as new leader in Europe HRE fragmented into 300 states, Switz. and Netherlands became independent, France acquired Alsace All german states could determine own religion thus ending conflicts over religious beliefs States within HRE became independent, HRE died out, Germany not reunited for 200 years

*In Austria, Habsburgs reigned in HRE; after 30YW turned inward and eastward to create larger empire; core included Austria and Czech Republic; focused on centralizing power by suppressing Bohemia drove the Ottoman Turks out and took over Hungary but after the Turks out of Hungary

A Sovereign State is a state that has no government, no court system that comperes with state courts. Also, a Sovereign State did not have private armies, such as feudal lords, present no threat to central authority.

Cardinal Richelieu's real name was Jean du Plessis.

The guiding principle in his domestic policies was to strengthen royal control. The primary focus of French foreign policy under Cardinal Richelieu was to destroy Catholic Habsburgs' grip on territories that surrounded France.

Cardinal Richelieu's domestic policies were designed to strengthen royal control. He extended the use of intendants, commissioners for each of France's thirty-two districts who were appointed directly by the monarch, to whom they were solely responsible.

La Rochelle

In Paris, magistrates of the Parlement of Paris, the nation's most important law court, were outraged by the Crown's autocratic measures. These so-called robe nobles (named for the robes they wore in court) encouraged violent protest by the common people. As rebellion spread outside Paris and to the sword nobles (the traditional warrior nobility), civil order broke down completely, and young Louis XIV had to flee Paris for his safety

In 1651 Anne's regency ended with the declaration of Louis as king in his own right. Much of the rebellion died away, and its leaders came to terms with the government. The twin evils of noble rebellion and popular riots left the French wishing for peace and for a strong monarch to reimpose order. This was the legacy that Louis XIV inherited when he assumed personal rule of the largest and most populous country in western Europe. Humiliated by his flight from Paris during the Fronde, he was determined to avoid any recurrence of rebellion when he assumed personal rule at Mazarin's death in 1661.

God had established kings as his rulers on earth, and they were answerable ultimately to him alone.

King Louis XIV

Symbolizing his divine power when he was 15, King Louis danced at a court ballet dressed as a sun.

Assumed full reign at 23; after Mazarin's death in 1661 Deemed himself absolute monarch with divine right of rule Central policy making;definite class distinction; French became language of the courts in the 17th century 1685 Louis XIV revoked the Edict of Nantes; suppressed Huguenots, forced conversion on them, destroyed churches and closed schools; 200,00 Huguenots fled France believed in mercantilism *nations's wealth determined by gold supply) pushed by Jean-Baptiste Colbert (financial minister); created Company of the east Indies to compete with the Dutch allowed Louis to fight in many wars and maintain lavish court Army of over 400,000 wanted to dominate Europe, waged numerous wars, even named one of the French royals Philip of Anjou to the crown in Spain; wanted to reach France's natural borders To this day Spanish monarch is descendent of Louis XIV had strengthened absolutist power by refusing to call the Estates General

1685 Louis XIV revoked the Edict of Nantes; suppressed Huguenots, forced conversion on them, destroyed churches and closed schools; 200,00 Huguenots fled France

French became the language of polite society and international diplomacy, gradually replacing Latin as the language of scholarship and learning. The royal courts of Sweden, Russia, Poland, and Germany all spoke French. France inspired a cosmopolitan European culture in the late seventeenth century that looked to Versailles as its center.

King Louis's controller general, Jean-Baptiste Colbert's central principle was that the wealth and the economy of France should serve the state. To this end, from 1665 to his death in 1683, Colbert rigorously applied mercantilist policies to France.

Louis' military goal was to expand France

The will violated a prior treaty by which the European powers had agreed to divide the Spanish possessions between the king of France and the Holy Roman emperor, both brothers-in-law of Charles II. Claiming that he was following both Spanish and French interests, Louis broke with the treaty and accepted the will, thereby triggering the War of the Spanish Succession Peace of Utrecht? end to the War of the Spanish Succession which had been fought over the succession to the Spanish crown (1801-1713)

Between 1610 and 1650 Spanish trade with the colonies in the New World fell 60 percent .In Madrid, royal expenditures constantly exceeded income. The Spanish crown repeatedly devalued the coinage and declared bankruptcy, which resulted in the collapse of national credit. Commerce and manufacturing shrank. Manufacturers were forced out of business by steep inflation Spanish aristocrats, attempting to maintain an extravagant lifestyle they could no longer afford, increased the rents on their estates. High rents and heavy taxes drove the peasants from the land, leading to a decline in agricultural productivity. In cities wages and production stagnated.

The Crown expelled some three hundred thousand Moriscos, or former Muslims, in 1609, significantly reducing the pool of skilled workers and merchants.

Portugal

the Austrian Habsburgs

All of Europe consumer (except England) when Catholic Ferdinand II became king Ferdinand drastically reduced the power of the Bohemian Estates, the largely Protestant representative assembly. He also confiscated the landholdings of Protestant nobles and gave them to loyal Catholic nobles and to the foreign aristocratic mercenaries who led his armies. After 1650 a large portion of the Bohemian nobility was of recent origin and owed its success to the Habsburgs.

Ottomans The Habsburg monarchy then turned east toward Hungary, which had been divided between the Ottomans and the Habsburgs in the early sixteenth century. Between 1683 and 1699 the Habsburgs pushed the Ottomans from most of Hungary and Transylvania. The recovery of all the former kingdom of Hungary was completed in 1718

other source of legitimacy lay in Moscow's claim to the political and religious inheritance of the Byzantine Empire. After the empire's capital, Constantinople, fell to the Turks in 1453, the princes of Moscow saw themselves as the heirs of both the caesars (or emperors) and of Orthodox Christianity. They loyally put down uprisings and collected the khan's taxes. Eventually the Muscovite princes were able to destroy the other princes who were their rivals for power.

Known to be a sadist, tortured small animals as boy due to violence he encountered; thought to have ordered hundreds possibly thousands of executions and torture van had a reputation of killing whoever he suspected as his wife's killer. He also created a new service nobility to demolish the power of the boyars. The new service nobility received noble titles and estates in return for serving in the tsar's army.

The Cossacks were that groups of outlaw armies of runaway peasants living on the borders of Russian territory from the starting from the 14th century. They formed an alliance with the Russian state by the end of the 16th century.

The Time of Troubles was a chaotic period that Russia entered following Ivan's death.

Russia gained land in Ukraine from Poland in 1667 and completed the conquest of Siberia by the end of the century. Territorial expansion was accompanied by growth of the bureaucracy and the army. The great profits from Siberia's natural resources funded the Romanovs' bid for Russia's status as a Great Power. Thus, Russian imperialist expansion to the east paralleled the Western powers' exploration and conquest of the Atlantic world in the same period

Peter required all nobles to serve in the army in the civil administration for the rest of their lives. He also created schools and universities in order to have skilled technicians and experts in his empire. He also established an interlocking military-civilian bureaucracy with fourteen ranks,and declared that everyone had to start at the bottom and work toward the top. Abroad, Peter looked for talented foreigners and placed them in his service. These reforms gradually combined to make the army and government more powerful and efficient. He also increased the service requirements for the common people. He established a regular army for peasant people, and run by officers form the nobility.Taxes on peasant people increased during Peter's reign, along with military spending. Serfs were assigned to work in factories and mines that were emerging.

Battle of Poltava; found a port for access to Europe through Baltic Sea by warring w/ Sweden; constructed a new city St. Petersburg beginning in 1703, used unpaid peasant labor to do so; remained capital until 1918

Battle of Poltava; found a port for access to Europe through Baltic Sea by warring w/ Sweden; constructed a new city St. Petersburg

King James -Queen Elizabeth's Scottish cousin ; succeeded her. Believed in divine right of kings; clashed w/ Parliament desire for equality in ruling; died in 1625 Religion also issue; Puritans (Calvinistic sect) wanted more rigid Protestant church from Church of England Many Puritans in House of Commons

House of Commons

The Puritans wanted to purify the Anglican Church by having some of the elements the Roman Catholic Church has. They wanted elaborate vestments and ceremonies, they wanted bishops, and wanted to have the giving and wearing of wedding ring ceremony/practice.

Charles I had to call Parliament in 1640 since Charles had ruled without a Parliament within the years of 1629 and 1640, financing his government by illegal means. The Parliament Parliament believed that taxation without their consent resulted in despotism.They were not also not willing to trust him since he had no army. The parliament during the years 1640-1660 enacted legislation that limited the power of the monarch and made government without Parliament impossible.

Charles I recruited an army from northern England; Parliament responded by forming the New Model Army New Model Army led by Oliver Cromwell; army consisted of extreme Puritans- Independents- "doing battle for God"; Charles I refused to concede; captured by Cromwell's forces in 1647 Cromwell purged Parliament of non-supporters; remaining members known as Rump Parliament had CHarles I executed in 1649; Parliament abolished monarchy and House of Lords and established republic or commonwealth Called a Protectorate but essentially Cromwell was a military dictator England as a theocracy until 1658

n 1647 Cromwell's forces captured the king and dismissed members of the Parliament who opposed Cromwell's actions. In 1649 the remaining representatives, known as the Rump Parliament, put Charles on trial for high treason. Charles was found guilty and beheaded on January 30, 1649, an act that sent shock waves around Europe.After the executions of Charles I in 1649, kingship was abolished, and people wondered how the country would be governed. (pg. 511-512)

Denied those outside the Church of England the right to vote, hold public office, preach, teach or attend universities, or assemble

No, Charles II angered w/ Parliament over inadequate pay entered into secret agreement w/cousin Louis XIV 1670 In return for money Charles II suspended law against Catholics, attempted to re-Catholicize England Parliament suspicious and anti-Catholic sentiment spread through England

the reign of James II

**Gave Puritans but not Catholics right of free public worship Religious persecution lessened and divine right theory of kingship vanished; William was king b/c of Parliament not by grace of God; ended divine right theor

Describe the political, economic, and religious factors AND events that led to the Glorious Revolution

Describe why Louis XIV was described as the epitome of an absolute ruler.