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Imperialism

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Policy by a stronger nation to attempt to create an empire by dominating weaker nations economically, politically, culturally, or militarily Significance: Several factors contributed to this imperailistic activity. Economic, Nationalistic, Military, and Humanitarian factors.

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Economic Factors

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The growth in industry in Europe created an increased need for natural resources. Manufactoring nations also required new markets in which to sell their manufactured goods.

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Nationalistic Factors

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Competition among European nationas for large empires was the result of a rise in nationalism. These feelings grew stronger in many countries causing several European nations to take strong actions to protect their interests.

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Nationalism

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Devotion to one's nation Significance: Nationalism usually suggests that a nation's people believe in themselves, their ideals, and their goals to be superior to those of other nations.

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Annex

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To join or attach, as in the joining of a new territory to an existing country Significance: This was a result of the United States was to join the competition for new territories. Yet annexation did not take place.

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Monroe Doctrine

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Declaration by President Monroe in 1823 that the United States would oppose efforts by any outside power to control a nation in the Western Hemisphere Significance: Main principle of foreign policy. However the doctrine would be broadened to support American imperialism.

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William H. Seward

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Secretary of State. Advised the president to sendd troops to the Mexican border after France placed an emporer on the Mexican throne. Also bought Alaska from Russia.

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Alaska Purchase

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The presence of the United States on two sides of Canada would force the British out of that region. Seward waged a successful campaign to educate the nation about Alaska'a rich resources.

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Banana Republics

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Term used to describe a Central American nation dominated by United States business interests Significance: Caused by the overproduction of food and goods which lead to financial panics and frequent economic depression. Therefore they began to secure markets abroad. They invested in economies of other countries.

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Alfred T. Mahan

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A naval officer who joined with buiness interests to convince Congress to build modern steampowered, steel-hulled ships to protect overseas trade. He argued that the nation's economic future hinged on gaining new markets abroad.

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Naval Act of 1890

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Called for the construction of more battleships, gunboats, torpedo boats, and cruisers. Significance: Contributed to the United States having one of the most powerful navies in the world. The expanded fleet suggested that the U.S. was willing and able to contront an enemy on the open sea.

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Social Darwinism

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Derived from Darwin's theory of natural selection, the belief that society should do as little as possible to interfere with people's pursuit of success Significance: Justified the takeover of new territories. Believed that expansionism was not only this nation's destiny but also a noble pursuit for it introduced Christianity and modern civilization around the world.

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William McKinley

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President. Refused to intervene in the Cuban Rebellion because he was unwilling to spend the money that the intervention would require and feared the U.S. would be saddled with colonial responsibilities it could not handle.

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Arbitration

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Settlement of a dispute by a person or panel chosen to listen to both sides and come to a decision Significance: Suggested to be used by President Clevland's secretary of state. They demanded that Britain acknowledged the Monroe Doctrine and submit the boundary dispute to arbitration. However, they argued that the Monroe Doctrine had no standing in international law.

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Cuban Rebellion

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Cubans first rebelled against Spain in 1868. After 10 years of fighting Spain finally put in some reforms. However after their economy collapsed Cuba rebelled again. Now Spain sent in troops to put down the rebellion.

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Valeriano Weyler

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Spain's best general. In a desperate attempt to prevent civilians from aiding the rebels, Weyler instituted a policy of "re concentration." He forced thousands of Cubans into guarded camps.

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Jose Marti

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Led Cuban exiles living i the United States in an urgency of the United States to intervene.

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Yellow Journalism

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Sensational news coverage, emphasizing crime and scandal Significance: Played a role in urging the U.S. to intervene in the Cuban Rebellion. Many writers used the horrific stories to increase the profits of their business by attracting readers to their newspapers with exciting headlines and aesthetic appeal.

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Jingoism

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A feeling of strong national pride and a desire for an aggressive foreign policy Significance: Was brought about from Yellow Journalism.

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The De Lome Letter

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A letter stolen from the Spanish ambassador to Washington that was published by U.S. newspapers. Described McKinley as a weak and bidder admiration of the crowd. It caused an outrcry. Raised commotion because it ridiculed McKinley but also because of the sensationalism surrounding it.

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U.S.S. Maine

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An explosion sank the Maine on Feb. 15. Caused by an accidental fire but the American public put the blame on Spain. The spanish were willing to enter arbitration talks to determine if they were at fault but still Americans called for war.

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Secretary Roosevelt

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Assistant Secretary of the Navy. He cabled naval commanders in the Pacific to prepare for military action against Spain.

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Admiral Dewey

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Was told to attack the Spanish fleet in the Philippines if war broke out with Spain. Launched a surprise attack on Spanish ships.

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Philippines

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Wanted it to be the key base from which the United States might protect its Asian trade.

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Rough Riders

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The group that received the most publicity was the First Volunteer Cavalry. Leader as Theodore Roosevelt. Included cowboys, miners, policeman, and college athletes. They charged up San Juan Hill which became the most famous incident in the war.

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Treaty of Paris

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Signed with Spain in December of 1898. In the treaty, the Spanish recognized Cuba's independence. In return for a ppayment off $20 million,Spain also gave up the Philippines, Puerto Ricco, and the Pacific island of Guam.

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Eiliano Anguinaldo

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Rebel leader who issued a proclamation in January 1899 declaring the Philippines a republic. As a reult American soldieers finally erupted into war in February.

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Platt Amendment

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An addition to the 1900 Cuban constitution by the American government that gave the United States the right to establish naval bases in Cuba and to intervene in Cuban affairs whenever necessary. Significance: Cuba wanted to end U.S. occupation so they reluctantly agreed. The U.S. only intervened twice militarily under the Platt Amendment.

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Foraker Acto 1900

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Allowed the United States to remove its military control and established a civil government, still under U.S. control. Significance: Changed the style of government that was being exercised in Puerto Rico.

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Annexation of Hawaii

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In 1893 a small group of sugar and pineapple-growing businessmen, backed by the US military, deposed Hawaii's queen, seized 1.75 million acreas of land, and conspired for U.S. annexation of the islands, which was achieved in 1989. Hawaii became a state in 1959.

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King Kalakua

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King of Hawaii.

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Queen Liluokalani

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Sister of the king. She opposed U.S. control of the islands and sought to reduce the power of foreign merchants.

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Sanford B. Dole

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Pineapple planter who forced the Queen out of power.

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Manifest Destiny

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That it is our God given right to control territories. Justification for the bad things.

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Samoa

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Polynesian island. Competition between the European powers and the United States that almost led to war. Eventually the three nations arranged a three-way protectorate in 1889.

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Spheres of Influence

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Area of economic and political control exerted by one nation over another nation or other nations. Significance: An example would be China's huge population and its vast markets let to it becoming increasingly important to American trade by the late 1800s.

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John Hay

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President Mckinley's Secretary of State who wrote notes to the major European powers trying to persuade them to keep an "open door" to China. Feared that imperialist nations would use the Boxer rebellion as an excuse to seize more Chinese territory.

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Open Door Policy

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American approach to China around 1900, favoring open trade relations between China and other nations. Significance: The United States would have equal access to China's millions of consumers.

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The Boxer Rebellion

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Spring of 1900 that led to the massacre of 300 foreigners and Christian Chinese as a result of the Chinese who resented foreign influence of any kind.

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Open Door Notes

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Notes reaffirmed the principle of open trade in China and made an even stronger statement about the intention of the United States to preserve it.

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Panama Canal

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Panama was a province of the South American nation of Colombia. In 1879 a French company purchased a concession from Colombia to build a canal across Panama. Defeated by yellow fever and severe mismanagement the company abandoned the project ten years later. Construction began in 1904. Workers were brought in from several countries. They finished the canal in 1914 six monts ahead of schedule.

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President Roosevelt

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President of the United states. Made it clear that the United States would not interfere if the company organized a Panamanian revolution against Columbia.

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Hay Bunau-Varilla Treaty

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Signed by Panama in November of 1903 that gave the United States a permanent grant of a 10-mile-wide strip of land for a Canal Zone over which the United States would have complete sovereignty. In return, the Panamanians recieved a payment of $10 million

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Big Stick Diplomacy

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In 1901 Roosevelt reminded an audience at the Minnesota State Fair "Speak softly and carry a big stick; you will go far.' He believed the United States "big stick" was our Navy. The threat of military force allowed Roosevelt to conduct an agressive foreign policy.

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Roosevelt Crollary

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The messages issued to Congressin December of 1904 and 1905 to the Monroe Doctrine. In this corollary, or extension of a previously accepted idea, Roosevelt denied that the United States wanted any moe territory. The U.S. wanted to see countries be successful however if they did anything harmful or if gov. collapsed then an international police power would have to be exercised. The U.S. Gov. would intervene to prevent intervention from other powers.

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Russo-Japanese War

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In Asia, the President's chief concern was to preserve an open door to trade with China. Growing conflicts between Japan and Russia posed a threat to Asian security. The war began in 1904. Japan's militay power outmatched Russia's. After a key naval victory for Japan, Russia requested peace talks.

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President Taft

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William Howard Taft elected to the presidency in 1908. He was not as agressive and Roosevelt in pursuing foreign policy aims. A distinguished lawyer from Ohio, Taft had served as Roosevelt's Secretary of War and had headed the comission that governed the Philippines.

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Dollar Diplomacy

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President Taft's policy of encouraging American investment in foreign economies. His main gold was to maintain the open door to Asia and preserve stability in Latin America. He wanted to "substitute dollars for bullets." Did not succeed. Increased the level of U.S. financial involvement abroad. It also created enemies in Latin America.

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President Wilson

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President who led the American intervention in Mexico. He led more anti-American feelings in Latin America.Ended Taft's dollar diplomacy.

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Mexican Revolution

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America's interference with Mexican politics.

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Victoriano Huerta

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He was a General who overthrew the president. He promised to poretect foreign investments and so many American investors urged the president to recognize him.

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Pancho Villa

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Peasant rebel leader. He opposed Carranza and gathere his armed forces in his strongholfs in northern Mexico. Wilson encouraged the two to meet and negotiate but neither of the two leaders would agree. Wilson supported Carranza which infuriated Villa who began terrorizing Americans in Mexico.

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General John Pershing

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Headed more than 5,000 American troops into Mexico to pursue Villa. Bloody clashed took place between Mexican and American troops. Pershin's pursuit of Villa failed. In 1917 with the U.S. on the brink of war in europe, Wilson withdrew his troops.

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