Chapter 16 Medical Terminology (Stedman’s Dictionary) Oncology and Cancer Terms – Flashcards
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Ablat/o
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to take away
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bi/o
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life
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cancer/o, carcin/o
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cancer
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chem/o
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chemical, drug
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cry/o
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cold
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cyt/o
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cell
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kary/o
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nucleus
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lapar/o
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abdomen
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lei/o
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smooth
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leuk/o
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white
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melan/o
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dark, black
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onc/o
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tumor
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path/o
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disease
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plas/o
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growth, formation
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radi/o
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x-rays, radiation
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rhabd/o
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striated muscle
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sarc/o
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connective tissue, flesh
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squam/o
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scalelike structure
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dys-
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painful, difficult, abnormal
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intra-
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within
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mal-
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bad, poor
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meta-
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change, beyond
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neo-
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new
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para-
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beside
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trans-
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across, through
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-gen
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origin, production
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-genic
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originating, producing
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-oma
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tumor
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-opsy
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process of viewing
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-scopy
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process of examining, examination
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benign
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nonmalignant form of a neoplasm
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cancer (CA)
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general term for a group of diseases characterized by an abnormal, uncontrolled growth of cells
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cancerous
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pertaining to cancer
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carcinogen
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any cancer-causing substance or organism
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differentiation
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determination of how developed, or mature, the cancer cells are in a tumor
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dysplasia
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abnormal growth of tissue
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in situ
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in the original place or site without any expansion or spread
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invasion
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the direct migration and penetration by cancerous cells into neighboring tissues
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lesion
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a pathologic change in tissue resulting from disease or injury
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malignant
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having the properties of locally invasive and destructive growth and metastasis
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metastasis
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spread of a diseaseprocess from one part of the body to another
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oncogenes
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mutated forms of genes that cause normal cells to grow out of control and become cancer cells
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oncogenic
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causing or being suitable for the development of a tumor
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recurrence
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the return of cancer after all visible signs of it had been eradicated previously
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remission
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lessening in severity of disease symptoms; the period of time when a cancer is responding to treatment or is under control
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adenocarcinoma
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malignant neoplasm composed of glandular tissue
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adenoma
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benign neoplasm of glandular tissue
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carcinoma
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malignant neoplasm of any epithelial tissue
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fibroma
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benign neoplasm of fibrous connective tissue
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fibrosarcoma
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malignant neoplasm of deep fibrous tissue
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lipoma
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benign neoplasm of adipose (fat) tissue
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liposarcoma
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malignant neoplasm of adipose (fat) tissue
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malignant neoplasm
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tumor that invades surrounding tissue and is usually capable of metastasizing; can be located in any organ or tissue in the body
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melanoma
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tumor characterized by a dark appearance; most commonly occurs in the skin or in the eye
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neoplasm/tumor
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abnormal growth of new tissue into a mass; can be benign or malignant
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neuroma
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tumor derived from nervous tissue
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myeloma
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tumor composed of cells derived from bone marrow
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sarcoma
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malignant neoplasm of connective tissue
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basal cell carcinoma (BCC)
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a cancer that begins in the lowest layer of the epidermis of the skin
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kaposi sarcoma
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type of cancer found in the tissues under the skin or mucous membranes that line the mouth, nose, and anus; most commonly seen in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
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melanoma of the skin
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a malignant skin cancer that arises from the melanocytes in the epidermis, usually caused by exposure to ultraviolet radiation
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squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)
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a cancer that begins in the squamous cells located in the upper levels of the epidermis
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gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST)
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a very rare cancer affecting the digestive tract or nearby structures within the abdomen
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malignant neoplasm of the bladder
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cancerous tumor of the bladder
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nephroma
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tumor of the kidney
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urothelial carcinoma/transitional cell carcinoma
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cancer arising in the urothelium lining the urinary tract
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Wilms tumor
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rare type of kidney cancer that affects children
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Hodgkin disease
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abnormal malignant enlargement of lymph nodes, spleen, and liver; indicated by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells
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leukemia
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cancer of the blood indicated by malignant increase in the number of white blood cells
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lymphangioma
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mass or tumor of lymph vessels
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lymphoma
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tumor of lymphoid tissue, including lymphocytes and plasma cells
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non-Hodgkin lymphoma
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lymphoma other than Hodgkin disease
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bronchogenic carcinoma
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carcinoma that arises from the mucosa of the large bronchi
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mesothelioma
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a carcinoma of the mesothelium lining of the lungs or heart, usually associated with exposure to asbestos dust
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oat cell carcinoma
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highly malignant form of lung or bronchogenic cancer in which cells appear small and rounded under a microscope.
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ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)
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a breast cancer that is confined to the ducts and has not spread into the tissue of the breast
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germ cell tumor
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cancer that begins in the egg producing cells of the ovaries
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stromal cell tumor
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cancer that begins in the cells of the ligaments of the ovaries
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astrocytoma
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a tumor that arises from small, star shaped cells in the brain and spinal cord
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glioma
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cancer that arises from the glial cells of the nervous system
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medulloblastoma
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cancer that develops from the primitive nerve cells in the cerebellum
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meningioma
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benign and slow growing tumor of the meninges
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neuroblastoma
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a cancer of the nervous system
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glomus tumor
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a benign but locally invasive tumor arising out glomus tissue found in the middle ear, jugular bulb, and carotid artery
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intraocular melanoma
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a malignant cancer that forms in the tissues of the eye
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retinoblastoma
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a malignant ocular tumor of retinal cells
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chondroma
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a common benign tumor arsing from cartilage cells
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chondrosarcoma
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a large malignant tumor arsing from cartilage cells
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Ewing tumor/Ewing sarcoma
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a malignant tumor found in bone or soft tissue
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giant cell tumor
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a tumor of the tendon sheath that can be either benign or malignant
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leiomyoma
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benign tumor of smooth (nonstriated) muscle
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leiomyosarcoma
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malignant tumor of smooth muscle
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liposarcoma
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a malignant tumor of adipose (fat) tissue; occurs in the retroperitoneal tissues and the thigh
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osteofibroma
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benign lesion of bone considering chiefly of fairly dense, moderately cellular, fibrous connective tissue
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osteosarcoma
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a fast-growing malignant type of bone cancer that develops in the osteoblast cells that from the outer covering of bone
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rhabdomyoma
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benign tumor of striated muscle
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rhabdomyosarcoma
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a highly malignant tumor of striated muscle
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multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN)
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a group of disorders characterized by functioning tumors in more than one endocrine gland
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pheochromocytoma
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a vascular tumor of the adrenal gland
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pituitary adenoma
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a benign tumor arising in the pituitary gland
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alpha fetoprotein (AFP)
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blood test for substance produced by tumor cells in the body; found in elevated levels in patients with ovarian cancer
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estrogen receptors
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blood test for a type of protein present on some breast cancer cells to which estrogen attaches
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human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) test
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blood test for the substance that, in elevated levels may indicate cancer in the testis, ovary, liver, stomach, pancreas, or lung
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Papanicolaou (Pap) test
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microscopic examination of cells collecte from the vagina and cervix to detect abnormal changes (e.g. cancer)
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prostate specific antigen (PSA)
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blood test for substance produced only by the prostate; elevated levels may indicated prostate cancer in its early stages
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tumor marker test
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various blood tests for specific substances produced by certain types of tumors
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biopsy
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the process of removing tissue from living patients for diagnostic examination
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fine needle aspiration (FNA)
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procedure of withdrawing cells from a lesion for examination with a fine needle on a syringe
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radionuclide scan
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imaging scan in which a small amount of radioactive substance is injected into the vein; a machine measures levels of radioactivity in certain organs, which may indicate abnormal areas or tumors
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sentinel lymph node biopsy
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removal and examination of the sentinel nodes, which are the first lymph nodes to which cancer cells are likely to spread from a primary tumor
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single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) scan
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type of nuclear imaging test that shows how blood flows to tissues and organs, can help identify certain types of tumors
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punch biopsy
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removal of a small oval core of skin for laboratory analysis using a sharp, hollow instrument
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shave biopsy
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removal of a sample of skin for laboratory analysis using a scalpel to slice the specimen from the site
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cholescintigraphy/hepatobiliary iminodiacetic acid (HIDA) scan
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imaging test used to examine the function of the liver, gallbladder, and bile ducts
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endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancratography (ERCP)
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procedure using x-ray and injectable dye to examine disorders in the bile ducts, gallbladder, and pancreas
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endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)
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procedure using an ultrasound imaging device on the tip of an endoscope for evaluation of the bowel wall and adjacent structures
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magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP)
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procedure using magnetic resonance imaging and an injectable dye to examine problems in the bile ducts, gallbladder, and pancreas
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lymph node biopsy
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removal of lymph node tissue for pathologic evaluation
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bone marrow aspiration
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removal of a small amount of fluid and cells from inside the bone with a needle and syringe
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bone marrow biopsy
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removal and evaluation of a small amount of bone along with fluid and cells from inside the bone
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lumbar puncture (LP)
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the process of inserting a needle into the subarachnoid space of the lumbar spine to obtain cerebrospinal fluid for analysis; used to determine if leukemic cells are present
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thorascopy/pleuroscopy
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endoscopic examination of the thorax made through a small opening in the chest wall
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prostate biopsy
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a procedure in which tissue samples are removed from the body for examination under microscope to determine whether cancerous or other abnormal cells are present
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transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)
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ultrasound imaging of the prostate done through the rectum; used to diagnose prostate cancer
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cervical conization/cone biopsy
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biopsy of the cervix in which a cone shaped sample of tissue is removed from the cervix
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colposcopy
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visual examination of the tissues of the cervix and vagina using a lighted microscope (colposcope) to identify abnormal cell growth and if necessary, remove a tissue sample for biopsy
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endometrial biopsy
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procedure whereby a sample of the endometrium of the uterus is removed from the bod and examined under a microscope; used to check fro uterine cancer
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mammography
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an x-ray examination of the breasts; used to detect breast tumors
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brachytherapy/seed implantation
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procedure by which radioactive "seeds" are placed inside cancerous tissue and positioned to kill nearby cells
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cryosurgery
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the use of freezing temperatures to destroy tissue
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debulking surgery
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excision of a major part of a tumor that cannot be completely removed
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palliative surgery
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surgery that is performed to relieve pain other symptoms but not to cure the cancer or prolong a patient's life
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radiofrequency ablation (RFA)
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procedure in which a surgical oncologist uses a small probe to deliver heat from radiofrequency energy to kill cancerous tissue; used primarily to treat liver, prostate ,renal, bone, and breast cancer
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reconstructive surgery
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surgery performed to return function and appearance to a specific area of the body after tumor removal
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Mohs surgery
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surgical procedure that involves removing and examining a tumor piece in the skin bit by bit until the entire lesion is removed
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colectomy
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excision of all or part of the colon
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esophagectomy
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excision of the diseased portion of the esophagus and all associated tissues that might contain cancer
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gastrectomy/Billroth operation I and II
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excision of part or all of the stomach
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pancreaticoduodenectomy/Whipple operation
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partial excision of the stomach, complete excision of the gallbladder, a portion of the bile duct, head of the pancreas, portions of the small intestine, and regional lymph nodes to stop spread of cancer in these areas
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cystectomy
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surgical removal of part or all of the bladder
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fulguration
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destruction of tissue by means of high frequency electric current; commonly used to remove tumors from inside the bladder
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nephrectomy
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excision of a kidney
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transurethal resection of bladder tumor (TURB)
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excision of a tumor from the bladder through the urethra using a resectoscope
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lymphadenectomy
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excision of a lymph node
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bone marrow transplant (BMT)
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transfer of bone marrow from one person to another
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peripheral stem cell transplant
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the collection and freezing of stem cells from the blood, which are then reintroduced into the patient after chemotherapy
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lobectomy
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excision of a lobe (of the lung)
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pneumonectomy
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excision of a lung
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wedge resection
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excision of part of a lobe of the lung
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prostatectomy/transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)
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removal of prostate tissue through the urethra using a resectoscope
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loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP)
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gynecologic procedure that uses a thin, low voltage electrified wire loop to cut out cancerous tissue in the cervix
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mastectomy
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excision of a breast to remove a malignant tumor
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modified radical mastectomy
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excision of a breast along with some of the underlying muscle and lymph nodes in the adjacent armpit
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radical mastectomy
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excision of the breast as well as the underlying muscles and lymph nodes in the adjacent armpit
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simple mastectomy
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excision of a breast, leaving the underlying muscles and the lymph nodes intact
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myomectomy
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excision of myomas
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craniectomy
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excision of part of the cranium to access the brain
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stereotactic radiosurgery
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radiation therapy technique for treating brain tumors by aiming high does radiation beams directly at the tumors
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enucleation
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removal of an eyeball
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iridectomy
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excision or part of the iris (for very small melanomas)
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laryngectomy
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excision of all or part of the larynx, usually to treat cancer of the larynx
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amputation
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surgical removal of an entire limb
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limb salvage surgery
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surgical procedure in which only the cancerous section of bone is removed but nearby muscles, tendons, and other structures are left intact
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parathyroidectomy
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excision of a parathyroid gland
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thyroidectomy
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excision of the thyroid gland
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transsphenoidal resection
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excision of a pituitary adenoma by making an incision through the nose to the bottom of the skull where the pituitary gland is located
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external beam radiation
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procedure by which a beam of high energy radiation is applied externally directly to the tumor to minimize damage to other tissues
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radiation therapy
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the use of high energy x rays or other particles to kill cancer cells
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aromatase inhibitors
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group of drugs designed to reduce estrogen levels in a woman's body and stop the growth of cancer cells that depend on estrogen to live and grow
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chemoprevention
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the use of natural or synthetic products to keep cancer at bay or to stop the disease process before it becomes invasive
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chemotherapy
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regimen of therapy that uses chemicals to treat cancer
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adjuvant chemotherapy
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chemotherapy given in addition to surgery, to destroy remaining residual tumor or to reduce the risk of recurrence
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interstitial chemotherapy
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placement of chemotherapy drugs directly into a tumor
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intrathecal chemotherapy
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delivery of chemotherapy drugs into the spinal canal
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palliative chemotherapy
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chemotherapy that is given to relieve pain or other symptoms of cancer but not cure it
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epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor therapy
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drugs that interfere with the growth of individual cancer cells
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hormonal therapy
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use of hormones to stop a tumor from growing, to relieve symptoms caused by a tumor, or to replace the hormone that is needed by the body to function properly after a body part is removed due to cancer
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immunotherapy/biologic therapy
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method of boosting the body's natural defenses to fight cancer by using materials made either by the body or in a laboratory to bolster, target, or restore immune system function
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gynecologic oncology
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medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of cancers of the female reproductive system
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gynecologic oncologist
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physician who specializes in the care and treatment of women with gynecologic cancers
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medical oncology
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medical specialty concerned with the use of medical and chemotherapeutic treatments of cancer
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medical oncologist
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physician who specializes in treating cancer with chemotherapy
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oncology
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medical specialty concerned with the physical, chemical, and biologic properties and features of cancers
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oncologist
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physician who specializes in the science of oncology
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pediatric oncology
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medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of childhood cancers and blood diseases
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pediatric oncologist
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physician who specializes in the treatment of childhood cancers and blood diseases
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radiation oncology
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radiologic specialty concerned with radiation treatment as the main mode of treatment for cancer
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radiation oncologist
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physician who specializes in treating cancer with high energy x rays to destroy cancerous cells
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surgical oncology
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surgical specialty concerned with the surgical aspects of cancer
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surgical oncologist
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physician who specializes in the surgical aspects of cancer, including biopsy and tumor staging and resection
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AFP
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alpha fetoprotein
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BCC
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basal cell carcinoma
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BMT
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bone marrow transplant
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CA
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cancer
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DCIS
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ductal carcinoma in situ
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EGFR
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epidermal growth factor receptor
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ERCP
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endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
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EUS
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endoscopic ultrasound
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FNA
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fine needle aspiration
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GIST
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gastrointestinal stromal tumor
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hCG
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human chorionic gonadotropin
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HIDA
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hepatobiliary iminodiacetic acid
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LEEP
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loop electrosurgical excision procedure
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LP
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lumbar puncture
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MEN
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multiple endocrine neoplasia
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MRCP
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magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography
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NHL
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non-Hodgkin lymphoma
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PSA
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prostate-specific antigen
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RFA
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radiofrequency ablation
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SCC
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squamous cell carcinoma
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SPECT
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single photon emission computed tomography
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TRUS
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transrectal ultrasound
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TURB
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transurethral resection of bladder tumor
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TURP
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transurethral resection of prostate
