Chapter 16 and 17 Evolution – Flashcards
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ship naturalist on the HMS Beagle who traveled around the world for 5 years he collected data on living and nonliving things
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Who was Charles Darwin?
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they concluded that the Earth is extremely old and the same processes to change the Earth back then is the same now
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What did Hutton and Lydell conclude?
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he concluded that babies were being more more than people were dying so the population was growing and one day resources would run out
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What did Thomas Malthus conclude?
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In 1858 he sent Darwin a letter about his theory and Darwin had the same theory
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What did Alfred Wallace do?
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He published his theory of evolution in a book
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What did Darwin do in 1859?
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theories of natural selection and genetic variation
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What were the two theories used in Darwin's book?
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Natural selection is the result of organisms changing over time
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What is natural selection?
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different phenotypes; with the effect of the environment, and how it may choose one trait over the other
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What does genetic variation lead to?
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heritable characteristics that allow the organism to survive and reproduce will usually have a better chance at survival
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What does survival of the fittest mean?
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when the environment chooses intermediate forms of traits the graph shows the hump in the middle
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Stabilizing selection
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Human birth weight
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An example of stabilizing selection?
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when the environment chooses one extreme form of the trait the graph shows the hump to one side
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Directional selection
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woodpecker nose length (long)
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Example of directional selection?
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when the environment chooses the two extreme forms of the trait the graph shows two humps to each side
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Disruptive selection
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Lizard body size
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Example of disruptive selection?
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Mutations, genetic drift, and migration
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What else can lead to evolution?
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when chance events alter allele frequency
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What is the genetic drift?
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Tornadoes, hurricanes, flood, earthquake
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Examples of genetic drift causes?
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The bottleneck effect
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Another name for genetic drift?
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Founders effect
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What can be led for the genetic drift?
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this principle assumes that population does not occur to genetic equilibrium
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Explain Hardy Weinberg Principle
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Random mating Large population No migration No natural selection (RLNN) (Riley Loves Negative Nellies)?
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What are the conditions to be met to genetic equilibrium?
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p+q=1 p2+2pq+q2=1
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Two equations for Hardy Weinberg?
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Fossil Records Geographic distribution (Pangaea) Vestigial organs Homologous structures Analogous structures Embryology Molecular biology (FGVHAEM) (Fred Gets Vanilla Hamburgers At Every Mets-game)?
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Evidence of Evolution?
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the process by which new species are formed results from reproductive isolation
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Speciation?
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Behavioral Isolation, geographic isolation, and temporal isolation
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Different types of reproductive isolation?
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when unrelated species evolve to look similar due to similar habitats
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Convergent Isolation
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sharks and dolphins
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Example of convergent isolation
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when related species become different overtime because of different environments
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Divergent Isolation
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Adaptive isolation
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Another name for Divergent isolation?
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finch story at Galapagos
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Example of divergent isolation
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when two different species evolve in response to the other over time
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Coevolution
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Flower shape for butterflies, and butterflies tongue to get nectar Or toxin-bug story
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Example of coevolution?
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when species evolve at a slow steady time rate
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Gradualism
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when species stay the same for long periods of time and then undergo rapid change (thousands of years)
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Punctuated equilibrium
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part of molecular evolution uses mutation rates in DNA sequences to estimate the time that two species have been evolving independently Nuetral mutations accumulate in DNA over time at about the same time in species By comparing DNA sequences of two species, we can determine the amount of time that passed from the split The more differences, the more time has passed from the common ancestor
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Molecular clocks
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from copying genes that can occur due to unequal swapping of dna during crossing over, and modification of genes
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Where do genes come from?
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Species varied globally Species varied locally Species varied overtime
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What were the three observations that Darwin concluded?
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In 1809, he developed a hypothesis that acquire traits that could be passed from parent to offspring an example: why birds fly- because they tried
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Who was Jean Baptiste-Lamark?
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an English economist who in 1798 wrote a book stating babies were being born faster than people were dying he said someday resources will run out
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Who was Thomas Malthus?
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That no two were the same That genetic variation leads to different phenotypes That the environment may choose one variation of a trait over the other
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What did Darwin say about individuals?
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any heritable characteristic that allows the organism to survive and reproduce
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What is adaptation?
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Natural selection means that no two individuals are the same
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What does natural selection mean?
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structures that no longer serve a function
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What are vestigial organs?
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Human appendix Whale pelvic bone
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An example of vestigial organs?
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structures that come from the same tissues but serve a different function
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What are homologous structures?
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structures that are similar in function but not from a common ancestor
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What are analogous structures?
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Bats, butterflies, and birds
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Example of analogous structures?
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study of embryos
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What is Embryology
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similarities in DNA sequence which suggests evolutionary relationships
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What is molecular biology?
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hox genes
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example of molecular biology
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when courtship rituals keep from interbreeding
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Behavioral isolation
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blue foot boobie doing mating dance to a duck the duck would not understand
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example of behavioral isolation
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when separated by a physical barrier
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Geographic isolation
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galapogos turtles or finch story when these two different evolved species try to mate river and beetle story
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an example of geographic isolation
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study of where organisms live now and where their ancestors used to live
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What is biogeography?
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radioactivity
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How did geologists figured out earths age?
