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Eclectic Approach

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An approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the clients problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy

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Psychotherapy

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Treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth Psychotherapy integration attempts to combine a selection of assorted techniques into a single coherent system.

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Psychoanalysis

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- Freud's theory of personality and therapeutic technique that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts. - Freud believed the patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences—and the therapist's interpretations of them—released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight. - Presumes that healthier, less anxious living becomes possible when people release the energy they had previously devoted to id-ego-superego conflicts. - Uses free association

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Historical Reconstruction

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Emphasizes the power of childhood experiences

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Resistance

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In psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material. Characterized by abrupt shift the focus of her attention and lose her train of thought

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Interpretation

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In psychoanalysis the analyst's noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviours and events in order to promote insight

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Transference

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In psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent) Feeling positive or negative toward the analyst

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Latent Content

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Underlying, but censored meaning

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Psychodynamic Therapy

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Therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition that views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and that seeks to enhance self-insight. Talk to the patient face to face, rather than out of the line of vision, once a week, rather than several times weekly, and only for a few weeks or months, rather than several years

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Interpersonal Psychotherapy

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A brief 12-16 session variation of psychodynamic therapy has been effective in treating depression. Aims to help people gain insight into the roots of their difficulties. Goal is symptom relief not overall personality change. Focuses on current relationships and interpersonal skills

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Humanistic Perspective

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Emphasized peoples inherent potential for self-fulfillment. Helping people grow in self-awareness and self-perspective

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Insight Therapies

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A variety of therapies which aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing the client's awareness of underlying motives and defenses - psychoanalytic and humanistic

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Humanistic Therapies Differ From Psychoanalytic

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- Focus on present and future more than the past. - Conscious rather than unconscious, taking immediate responsibility, rather than uncovering hidden determinants. - Promoting growth instead of curing illness. - Expect problems to diminish as people come in touch with their emotions

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Client-Centred Therapy

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- A humanistic therapy, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine accepting ,empathic environment to facilitate client's growth. (person-centred therapy). - Barriers to self understanding and self-acceptance. - Personal growth thru self insight. - Active listening and unconditional positive regard (Rogers)

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Non-Directive Therapy

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The therapist listens, without judging or interpreting, and seeks to refrain from directing the client toward certain insights.

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Active Listening

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- Empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. - Paraphrase - Invite clarification - Reflect feelings. - A feature of Rogers' client-centered therapy

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Unconditional Positive Regard

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A caring, accepting, non-judgemental attitude, which Rogers believed to be conducive to developing self-awareness and self-acceptance

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Behaviour Therapy

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Therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviours. View maladaptive symptoms such as phobias, as learned behaviours that can be replaced by constructive behaviours

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Counter Conditioning

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A behavior therapy procedure that uses classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; includes exposure therapies and aversive conditioning

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Exposure Therapies

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Behavioural techniques, such as systematic desensitization, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or reality) to the things they fear and avoid.

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Systematic Desensitization

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A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias.

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Progressive Relaxation

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Relaxing one muscle group after another

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Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy

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An anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to simulations of their greatest fears, such as an airplane flying, spiders or public speaking.

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Aversive Conditioning

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A type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol). Lacing alcohol with a nausea-triggering drug

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Operant Conditioning

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Behaviour modification - reinforcing desired behaviours and withholding reinforcement for undesired behaviours or punishing them. Treatment must be intensive.

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Token Economy

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An operant conditioning procedure in which people can earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behaviour and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats

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Cognitive Therapies

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Therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions. Self-blaming with bad events are often an integral part of the vicious cycle of depression. (Beck)

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Stress Inoculation Training

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Encouraging people to say positive things to themselves during anxiety-producing situations (cognitive therapy)

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Catastrophizing Beliefs

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Dreams of depressed people, negative themes of loss, Beck's therapy for depression - gentle questioning seeks to reveal irrational thinking, and then to persuade the person to remove the dark glasses through which they view life

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Meichenbaum

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Stress inoculation training: teaching people to restructure their thinking in stressful situations

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Cognitive Behaviour Therapy

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A popular integrated therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)

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Family Therapy

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Therapy that treats the family as a system. Views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by, or directed at, other family members

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Psychodynamic

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- Unconscious forces and childhood experiences. - Reduced anxiety through self insight. - Analysis and interpretation

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Regression Towards The Mean

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The tendency for extremes of unusual scores to fall back toward their average. When people's symptoms of psychological distress are at their worst, anything done to alleviate the condition is likely to be followed by improvement rather than further deterioration

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Randomized Clinical Trials

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Researchers randomly assign people on a waiting list to therapy or to no therapy, and later evaluate everyone, using tests and the reports of people who don't know whether therapy was given

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Meta-analysis

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A procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies.

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Energy Therapies

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Maniplulaters people's invisible energy fields

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Recovered Memory Therapies

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Aim to unearth repressed memories of early childhood abuse.

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Rebirthing Therapies

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Engage people in re-enacting the supposed trauma of their birth.

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Facilitated Communication

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Has an assistant touch the typing hand of a child with autism.

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Crisis Debriefing

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Forces people to rehearse and process their traumatic experience

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Evidence-Based Practice

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Clinical decision making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences

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Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing - (EMDR)

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She had people imagine traumatic scenes while Shapiro triggered eye movements by waving her finger in front of their eyes, supposedly enabling them to unlock and process previously frozen memories. Works better than nothing.

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Light Exposure Therapy

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For seasonal affective disorder (SAD) patients. This therapy sparks activity in the brain region that influences the body's arousal and hormones

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All Therapies Have In Common

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Hope for demoralized people. A new perspective on oneself and the world. Empathic, trusting, caring relationship

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Therapeutic Alliance

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Bond between therapist and client

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Counsellors

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- Marriage and family counsellors specialize in problems arising from family relations. - Pastoral counsellors provide counselling to countless people. - Abuse counsellors work with substance abusers and with spouse and child abusers and their victims.

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Clinical or Psychiatric Social Workers

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A 2 year master of social work graduate program plus post-graduate supervision prepares some social workers to offer psychotherapy, mostly to people with everyday personal and family problems. About half have earned the National Ass. Of Social Workers designation of clinical social worker.

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Clinical Psychologists

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Most are psychologists with a PHD or PSY.D and expertise in research, assessment and therapy, supplemented by supervised internship and often post-doctoral training. About half work in agencies and institutions, half in private practise.

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Clinical Psychiatrists

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Are physicians who specialize in the treatment of psychological disorders. Not all psychiatrists have had extensive training in psychotherapy but as MD's they can prescribe medications. Thus they tend to see those with the most serious problems. Many have their own private practice.

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Biomedical Therapy

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Prescribed medications or medical procedures that act directly on the patient's nervous system (Biologically influenced disorders - schizophrenia)

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Psychopharmacology

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The study of effects of drugs on mind and behaviour

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Double Blind

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Neither the staff nor the patient knows who gets what

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Antipsychotic Drugs

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- Drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder. - Similar to neurotransmitter dopamine. - Some produce side effects similar to parkinsons disease - twitch, tremors, sluggishness. - Long term use can produce Tardive Dyskinesia (Such as chlorpromazine (Thorazine))

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Tardive Dyskinesia

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Involuntary movements of the facial muscles, tongue and limbs, a possible neurotoxic side effect of long term use of antipsychotic drugs that target certain dopamine receptors

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Antianxiety Drugs

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- Drugs used to control anxiety and agitation. - Antibiotic D-cycloserine - acts upon a receptor that facilitates the extinction of learned fears. - Relieves PTSD and OCD

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Antidepressants

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Drugs used to treat depression - also increasingly prescribed for anxiety Different types work by altering the availability of various neurotransmitters Can Take up to four weeks to take effect (Prozac, Xanax, Ativan)

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Mood-Stabilizing Drugs

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Lithium (simple salt) - treats bipolar

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Electroconvulsive Therapy

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A biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetised (muscle relaxant) patient. 30-60 seconds long. 4/10 relapse into depression. The results of ECT in treating severe depression are among the most positive treatment effects in all of medicine"

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Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation - RTMS

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The application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain used to stimulate or suppress brain activity. Pulses surge through ha magnetic coil held close to a persons skull. Energizes relatively inactive left frontal lobe.

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Psychosurgery

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Surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behaviour

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Lobotomy

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A rare procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. Cut the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centres of the inner brain

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Anti-Renumination

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- Identifying and redirecting negative thoughts. - Enhances positive thinking.

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Therapeutic Drugs and Treatment During 1950's

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Therapeutic drugs and community-based treatment programs - 1950's cleared out a lot of mental hospitals

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Behaviour Therapy and Cognitive Behaviour Therapy

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Two empirically supported therapies for treating depression

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Most Effective Psychotherapists Are:

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Most effective psychotherapists are those who: establish an empathic, caring relationship with their clients

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Clozaril

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- Antipsychotic drug - Blocks serotonin activity as well as dopamine. - Antipsychotic which requires regular blood tests to determine any abnormal changes on white blood cells

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Chlorpromazine

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- Antipsychotic drug - Thorazine - Dampen responsiveness to irrelevant stimuli. - Drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder. - Similar to neurotransmitter dopamine. - Some produce side effects similar to parkinsons disease - twitch, tremors, sluggishness

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Depakote

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Originally used to treat epilepsy and is also found effective in controlling manic episodes associated with bi-polar disorder

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Ativan

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Anti-anxiety medication to relax the patient and help with sleep

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Xanax

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Anti-anxiety agent

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Prozac

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Selective-serotonin-reuptake-inhibitors (SSRI) they slow the synaptic reuptake of serotonin. Potential side effects - dry mouth, weight gain, hypertention and dizzy spells. Administering by a patch helps bypass the liver, reducing side effects. Can take up to 4 weeks to take effect

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Therapy Success

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Therapy is likely to be most effective when a client's problem is clear-cut

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Bed Wetting Treatment

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Behaviour modification = empirically supported to treat bed wetting

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Psychotherapy Cost-Effectiveness

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Psychotherapy is cost-effective compared with the greater costs of medical care for psychologically related complaints

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Aerobic Exercise and Depression/Anxiety

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Aerobic exercise, which helps calm people who feel anxious and energize those who feel depressed, does about as much good for some people with mild to moderate depression, and has additional positive side effects

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Mental Health Reform

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Mental health reform came about from Pinel in France and Dix in the United States

Chapter 15 – Therapy – Flashcards

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