Chapter 15- Chemical Compounds
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Section 1
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Ionic & Covalent Compounds
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Ionic Compounds
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- metal and non-metal - brittle - High melting points - Dissolve easily in water - When dissolved, conducts electricity well -Ex:salt, any compound from Groups 1 & 17
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Covalent Compounds
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-2 or more non-metals - low melting points - do not dissolve as well - some do dissolve, but still do not conduct electricity - Ex: oil, sugar, gasoline
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Section 2
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Acids & Bases
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Acids
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- any compound that increases the # of hydrogen ions when dissolved in water - sour taste - corrosive- breaks it down (eats through it) - H+ ions formed when dissolved bond with remaining H2O molecules to form H3O+ ions
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Bases
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- Any compound that increases the number of hydroxide ions (OH-) when dissolved in water - slippery - bitter tasting -corrosive
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Detection of Acids/Bases
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To detect acids, different indicators can be used - Litmus paper- blue turns to red, red does nothing - pH paper- use color key to determine - red cabbage juice-will do a lab To Detect Bases - Litmus paper - pH paper - red cabbage juice
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Uses of Acids
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- Sulfuric acid- most widely used chemical - Nitric acid- used to make fertilizers, rubber, plastics - Hydrochloric acid - used to make metals and in stomach - Citric Acid- found in oranges, lemons, soft drinks
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Uses of Bases
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- Sodium hydroxide- used to make soap, paper, oven cleaner & drain cleaner - Calcium hydroxide- use to make cement, mortar, and plaster - Ammonia- cleaner and fertilizer (never mix bleach and ammonia- make chemical gas) - Magnesium hydroxide- antacids
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Strong Vs. Weak
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- Strength is determined by the number of ions the acid or base creates when it dissolves in water - The more hydronium ions an acid creates when dissolved,the stronger the acid is. - The more hydroxide ions a base creates when dissolved, the stronger the base is.
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pH Scale
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- pH measures the hydronium ion concentration in a solution - The more hydronium ions, the lower the pH number - Fewer hydronium ions, the higher the pH number - See pH scale on pg. 380
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Salts
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- An ionic compound formed from the leftover positive ion of a base and the leftover negative ion of an acid. - Produced when an acid and base neutralize each other -salt is neutral - Uses: season food, preservatives, wallboard, plasterboard, calk, limestone - when you mix an acid and a base together, the neutralize each other and make salt
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Section 3-Organic Compounds
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Definition: Covalent compounds composed of carbon base molecules - carbon atoms form the backbone of organic compounds - Carbon has four valence electrons, therefore can make four bonds - Carbon can make bonding chains - Carbon can also arrange in different formations- see pg. 383 -different formations make different substances (only carbon has the ability to do this)
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Carbon is special because...
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it can make four bonds, arrange in different shapes
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Hydrocarbons (3)
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organic compounds made of only carbon and hydrogen
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Saturated Hydrocarbons
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- each carbon atom shares a single bond with other atoms - single lines
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Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
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-at least two carbon atoms share a double or triple bond - Compounds with a double bond called alkenes - Compounds with a triple bond called alkynes - double or triple lines
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Aromatic Hydrocarbons
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- based on benzene which has a ring of six carbons with alternating single and double bonds
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Biochemicals (4)
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- organic compounds made by living things
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Carbohydrates
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- composed of 1 or more simple sugars, used for energy or energy storage - simple carbohydrates- fruits and veggies - complex carbohydrates- bread, cereal and pasta - main job- energy
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Lipids
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- do not dissolve in water, store energy make up cell membrane - Animals store lipids as fat (solid) - Plants store lipids as oil (liquid) - main job- storage
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Proteins
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- composed of amino acids, (regulate chemical activities in body-main job) - Food provides amino acids to make new proteins - Amino acids combine to make may different types of proteins
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Nucleic acids
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- (store information-main job) and help build proteins and other amino acids - Sometimes called the \"blueprints of life\" - DNA and RNA most well known
