Chapter 13: Theories of Personality – Flashcards

Turning socially unacceptable urges into socially acceptable behavior is known as __________.

Sigmund Freud is considered the founder of:

John's boss yells at him. As John walks meekly out of the boss's office, Dana walks past him and says, "Hello!" John yells at Dana and proceeds to berate her for the job she did on the last contract. Freud would say John is using __________ as a way of dealing with his stress.

Freud would say that a man who bites his fingernails is __________.

Freud believed that children adopt their parents' moral beliefs during the __________ stage of personality development.

The Oedipus complex refers to:

The office of one of your professors is extremely neat and tidy. All the books are carefully arranged on the shelves, and there are no papers lying about. Freud might suggest that this person has a(n) __________.

The ego works on:

According to Freud, unresolved conflicts can cause __________ in a certain stage of development.

The psychodynamic perspective:

In Freud's theory, the id, the ego, and the superego:

The neo-Freudians:

During the genital stage, parents:

According to Adler, humans' driving force was the pursuit of __________.

Today, Freud's concept of __________ remains useful in clinical psychology.

According to Freud, the desired outcome of the phallic stage of psychosexual development is __________.

When members of a group devote their lives to obtaining physical pleasure and immediate satisfaction of their needs, according to Freud, this group is dominated by their __________.

The id __________.

During the latency stage, children are in a state of:

According to Freud, the oral stage:

One criticism of Freud's psychoanalytic theory is that it:

The ego works:

According to Freud, children in the latency stage:

The conscious mind:

Shortly after her daughter is born, Anna's three-year-old son wants to start sleeping in the crib again. This is an example of:

__________ believed that there was not only a personal unconscious, but a collective unconscious as well.

Jim is unconsciously attracted to Max but outwardly voices an extreme hatred of homosexuals. Which defense mechanism is Jim exhibiting?

Freud believed that there was a portion of the brain that remained hidden from the individual except in symbolic form in dreams and other behaviors. This portion of the brain is called the __________.

In the behaviorists' view, personality is simply a set of:

In Rogers' view, problems arise when:

One way in which the social cognitive view differs from psychoanalytic theory is that it:

Rogers believed that __________ is necessary if one is to become a fully functioning person.

A person's perception of his or her actual characteristics, traits, and abilities is called their:

Gene believes that if his luck is good on the day of his final exam, he will do well. Gene likely has:

Sophie has a chance to interview for a promotion at work. She is sure she will do poorly anyway, so she decides against it. Bandura would say that Sophie has:

Rogers believed that __________ was vital to a person's ability to cope with stress and achieve self-actualization.

According to Carl Rogers, what is the primary determinant of how matched an individual's real and ideal self-concepts are?

Heidi is exploring her options and trying to decide where her best potential and abilities lie. She has a good idea of who she is and what she wants out of life. Carl Rogers would say that Heidi is a __________.

Which of the following perspectives on personality focuses on aspects that make people uniquely human, such as subjective feelings and freedom of choice?

Social cognitive learning theorists hold that __________ can lead to the formation of patterns of personality.

According to the humanistic view, internal conflict can be avoided by:

The social learning theory that involves locus of control is based on the principle that __________.

One of the main proponents of the humanistic view was __________.

According to the humanistic perspective, personality is influenced by:

The image of oneself, which is based on information from significant people in one's life, is that person's __________.

Some believe that humanistic theory is __________.

Social-cognitive learning theory is often described as an offshoot of behavioral approaches to personality. How does social-cognitive learning theory differ from a behavioral approach?

__________ see personality as nothing more than a set of learned responses.

Bandura defined __________ as a person's expectancy of how effective his or her efforts to accomplish a goal will be in any particular circumstance.

Bandura's concept of reciprocal determinism consists of:

The key factors influencing a person's decision to act in a certain way in a particular circumstance are reinforcement value and __________.

In examining the five-factor model (or the Big Five), Costa and McCrae believed that these traits are not __________. In other words, knowing someone's score on one trait would not give any information about scores on the other four traits.

Joe complains that his coworker, George, is irritating because George never has a nice thing to say about anyone or anything. Joe believes George's problem is an enduring characteristic with which George was born. In other words, Joe dislikes George's __________.

Introversion is an example of a __________.

The __________ differs from the other perspectives of personality in its basic goals.

While the concept of personality assumes stability and consistency in behaviors across situations, what different view have researchers offered?

__________ studies how much of an individual's personality is inherited.

The five-factor model:

Researchers have found evidence of genetic influences on personality by comparing identical twins to:

Studies have shown that the big five personality factors have __________ heritability across several cultures.

Surface traits:

Adoption studies have:

Temperament is based on:

The first list of traits was compiled by:

With regard to the Big Five traits of personality, when someone is creative, artistic, non-conforming, and curious, he or she tends to score high on the __________ trait.

Although many traits are considered to be universal, the expression of those traits:

Jim is constantly worried that he will get bad grades, that he will be late for work, or that something bad will happen to his loved ones. He is often edgy and snaps at his friends. He is likely to be a high scorer on which dimension of the Big Five?

__________ are more concerned with describing personality and predicting behavior than with the explanation of personality development.

According to the five-factor model, a person who is calm and stable would score low on the trait of:

The acronym __________ can be used to remember the core trait dimensions of the big five trait approach.

The halo effect, the tendency to form a favorable or unfavorable impression of someone at the first meeting that affects later interpretation of that person is a disadvantage of:

Which type of assessment are psychoanalysts most likely to use?

Marjorie took a personality test in April. She took the same test in June and got a very similar score. This personality test is __________.

When assessing personality, trait theorists are most likely to use:

When psychological professionals do a personality assessment, they:

The advantage of personality inventories over projective tests is that inventories are __________.

The __________ consists of 20 black and white pictures of people in ambiguous situations.

When a therapist asks questions and writes down the answers in a survey process, what assessment method is the therapist using?

If a test measures what it is supposed to measure, that test has __________.

Tests in which people are asked to tell what they see in ambiguous visual stimuli are __________.

Devon is taking a personality test that includes a long list of questions. For each question, Devon must choose from a limited set of answers. Devon is taking a __________.

The MMPI-2 __________.

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator is based on the ideas of:

Herman is undergoing a personality assessment with his therapist. He is given a test that requires him to look at pictures of amorphous inkblots and talk about what he sees in those images. What test is the therapist using?

The __________ specifically tests for abnormal behavioral patterns in personality.

When a researcher literally counts the number of times a behavior is performed, it is called a __________.

The Rorschach inkblot test:

One of the major problems associated with personality inventories is that they are __________.

The assumption that the particular circumstance of any given situation will influence the way in which a trait is expressed is known as:

________ are more concerned with describing personality and predicting behavior than with the explanation of personality development.

What are surface traits?

A music teacher wants to test her students on their piano skills. She then proceeds to administer a multiple choice test. This test lacks:

Jim and Jose were studying for their psychology test. Jim asked Jose to name a test developed by Cattell based on factor analysis to measure one's personality characteristics. Jose knew right away that Jim was talking about the:

Sigmund Freud's ideas were likely shaped by the historical era in which he lived, a time known as the:

The Oedipus and Electra complexes refer to:

When members of a group devote their lives to obtaining physical pleasure and immediate satisfaction of their needs, according to Freud, this group is dominated by their:

Albert Bandura's social cognitive theory is based on:

According to Horney, a child might deal with anxiety by:

The process girls experience with their father as the object of their affections and their mother as the rival is called:

Carl Jung, unlike Freud, believed that _____ held much more than personal fears, urges, and memories.

Cattell's personality questionnaire is based on:

The office of one of your professors is extremely neat and tidy. All the books are carefully arranged on the shelves, and there are no papers lying about. Freud might suggest that this person has a(n):

Hofstede found that the United States is low in:

Trait theories differ from other theories of personality development in that they:

According to Adler, humans' driving force was not the pursuit of pleasure but the pursuit of:

What is the difference between personality and character?