Chapter 13, Section 1-2 – Flashcards

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What is the area of social psychology that explores how people select, interpret, remember, and use social information?
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Social Cognition
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What refers to the processes by which we use social stimuli to form impressions of others?
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Person Perception
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Who examined how perception of faces can influence political elections?
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Alexander Todorov
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What describes the expectations that cause individuals to act in ways that serve to make the expectations come true? --It shows the potential power of stereotypes and other sources of expectations on human behavior.
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self-fulfilling prophecy
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--Occurs when we first meet someone. --Can evaluate personality traits. --An example of the primacy effect.
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First Impressions
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What is the process by which we come to understand the causes of others' behavior and form an impression of them as individuals?
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Attribution
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What are the thee dimensions of attributions?
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Internal/External Causes, Stable/Unstable Causes, and Controllable/Uncontrollable Causes
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These attributions are causes inside and specific to the person, such as: --traits --abilities
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Internal Causes
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These attributions are causes outside the person, such as: --social pressure --aspects of the social situation --the weather --luck
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External Causes
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Whether the cause of the behavior is relatively enduring and permanent or temporary influences attributions.
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Stable/Unstable Causes
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We perceive that people have power over some causes but not others.
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Controllable/Uncontrollable Causes
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In attribution theory, who is the person who produces the behavior? --Explain their own behavior in terms of external causes.
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actor
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Who is the person who offers a causal explanation of the actor's behavior. --Explain the actor's behavior in terms of internal causes.
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observer
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Which two heuristics are related to the special significance of our own thoughts and circumstances?
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fundamental attribution error and false consensus effect
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What is one of the most important self-related variables, also known as the degree to which we have positive or negative feelings about ourselves.
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self-esteem
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What describes individuals' comparisons with people whom they consider inferior to themselves?
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downward social comparisons
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What are the three conditions under which attitudes guide actions?
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strong attitude, strong awareness, rehearsal, and practice of an attitude, and a vested interest
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Name this condition of attitudes predicting behaviors: If you are very passionate about recycling, you are less likely to pitch that soda in the trash than a weak-minded person. What does this describe?
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Strong Attitude
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Name this condition of attitudes predicting behaviors: A person who has been asked to give a speech about the benefits of recycling is more likely to recycle than an individual with the same attitude about recycling who has not done so.
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strong awareness, rehearsal, and practice of an attitude
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Name this condition of attitudes predicting behaviors: People are more likely to act on attitudes when the issue at stake is something that will affect them personally.
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vested interest
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In this study: --College students were asked to engage in boring tasks. --They were later asked to persuade other students to participate in the study by telling him how interesting/enjoyable the task was. --Half were paid $1 to lie, and the other half received $20. Afterward, all of the participants rated how interesting/enjoyable the task was. --Those paid only $1 rated the task as more enjoyable because they experienced more cognitive dissonance.
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Festinger and Carlsmith's Cognitive Dissonance Study
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Which type of dissonance reduction means coming up with a rationale for the amount of work we put into getting something, typically by increasing the value associated with things that are difficult to attain.
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Effort Justification
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Which theory asserts that behaviors can cause attitudes, because when we are questioned about our attitudes, we think back on our behaviors for information. Additionally, we are likely to look to our behavior to determine our attitudes when those attitudes are unclear.
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Self-Perception Theory
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What involves trying to change someone's attitude--and often his or her behaviors as well?
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Persuasion
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Who along with his colleagues originally identified the various elements of persuasion?
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Carl Hovland
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Which element of persuasion does this describe? --The person persuading
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The communicator
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Which element of persuasion does this describe? --The medium or technology used to get the message across. --YouTube, Tumblr (lol), or The Washington Post
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The medium
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Which element of persuasion does this describe? --The audience or target of a message can play are role in message persuasiveness. --Younger people are more likely to change attitudes than older ones. --Individuals with weak attitudes are more easily persuaded than those with strong ones.
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The target audience
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Which element of persuasion does this describe? --The information itself --Is it persuasive? --Logos, Ethos, or Pathos?
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The message
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Which part of the elaboration likelihood model works by engaging the audience thoughtfully with a sound, logical argument?
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central route
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Which part of the elaboration likelihood model involves factors such as the source's attractiveness or the emotional power of an appeal? --It is effective when people are not paying close attention or lack the time or energy to think about the message.
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peripheral route
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Which strategy of persuasion involves making a smaller request at the beginning, saving the biggest demand for last?
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foot-in-the-door technique
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Which strategy of persuasion involves making the biggest pitch first, which the customer will probably reject, and then making a smaller, "concessionary" demand.
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door-in-the-face technique
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In terms of resisting persuasion, what describes the process of giving people a weak version of a persuasive message and allowing them time to argue against it in order to help in persuasive avoidance.
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inoculation
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What are "random acts of kindness", or behaviors that involve helping another person?
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Prosocial Behaviors
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What term describes the notion that kindness might also serve selfish purposes, specifically meaning that we help another person to increase the chances that the person will return the favor.
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Reciprocity
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What do effect do acts of kindness have on average people?
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increased positive mood
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Which neurotransmitter is associated with prosocial behavior?
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Serotonin
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What micro-structures in the brain are also associated with prosocial behavior along with Serotonin?
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Dopamine Receptors
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Which neurohormone plays a key role in social bonding and is associated with enhanced prosocial behavior?
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Oxytocin
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In terms of brain structures, research suggests that when we feel compassion for another person, areas of the _______ associated with the perception of pain are likely to be active.
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midbrain
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What is a person's feeling of oneness with the emotional state of another? Basically, we feel this for someone when we feel what that person is feeling.
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Empathy
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What is the personality trait most strongly associated with prosocial behaviors?
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Agreeableness
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Our mood can determine whether or not we engage in kind behaviors. The research literature strongly concludes that which type of people are more likely than unhappy people to help others.
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happy people
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What is a socio-economic factor in prosocial behavior? Also, which type of people are more likely to help those in need, rich or poor people?
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Socio-economic status, poor people
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--Kitty Genovese is brutally murdered. --It takes 30 minutes --38 People See --Nobody Calls the Cops OR --15 year old girl was raped and beaten by as many as 10 people outside of homecoming. --20 people watch --Nobody Calls for Help What does this describe?
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Bystander Effect
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What two parts of the brain are connected with aggression?
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limbic system and frontal lobes
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Which low levels of a certain neurotransmitter are linked with aggressive behavior, albeit minimally?
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Serotonin
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Which hormone is typically implicated in aggressive behavior?
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tesosterone
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What are low levels of agreeableness associated with?
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aggressive behavior
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What three traits are associated with aggression?
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Low agreeableness, low conscientiousness, and high levels of neuroticism
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According to John Dollard, what triggers aggression? I.E.-->The blocking of an individual's attempts to reach a goal.
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frustration
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Which hypothesis states that frustration always leads to aggression?
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frustration-aggression hypothesis
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What do these aversive experiences lead to? --Physical pain --Personal Insults --Crowding --Unpleasant Events
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aggression
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Research by Leonard Berkowitz and others has shown that the mere presence of a _________ may prime hostile thoughts and produce ________.
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weapon, aggression
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What is the tendency for the presence of firearms to enhance aggression?
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weapons effect
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What is one of the strongest predictors of aggression?
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witnessing aggression in one's own family
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What describes a culture in which a man's reputation is thought to be an essential aspect of economic survival? Usually, these losses of ___________ view violence as a way to compensate this loss.
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a culture of honor, honor
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What medium that displays violence do many researchers believe can prompt aggressive or antisocial behavior in children.
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Television
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What does violent pornography reinforce? I.E.> the false belief that women desire coercive sex.
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Rape Myth
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According to a meta-analysis, which medium of entertainment was concluded to trigger more aggressiveness, less sensitivity to violence, and a higher engagement in delinquency in children and adolescents.
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Violent Videogames
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Which Experiment is This? --You're in a room with five other people. --There's you and confederates. --You look at lines on cards and pick the one that looks the same. --The confederates pick the wrong ones 12/18 times. --You end up conforming to the correct answer 35% because of this.
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Asch's Experiment
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What are the two main psychological factors that have been identified as contributing to conformity.
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informational social influence and normative social influence
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What societal organization promotes greater levels of conformity?
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Collectivism
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What is this experiment? --You are a "teacher" who shocks a "learner" each time the "learner" makes mistakes in memory. --The shocks get progressively worse, and each time you shock, the voltage goes up. --When you want to quit, an overseer tells you to keep going. --You keep going even when the "learner" quits responding. --You keep having to go on until the end. --You keep doing it because you are simply told and exhibit OBEDIENCE.
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Milgram's Experiment
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What is this experiment? --Conducted by Philip Zimbardo --Students simulated a prison and were assigned either the role of "prisoner" or "guard". --Guards were given all the power by Zimbardo, and he informed them that they would be taking away each prisoner's individuality. --Guards behave sadistically, and prisoners end up submissive. --Conclusion is that anyone would do vile things if put in the same situation, and good people will do evil to other good people if the situation supports those deeds.
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Stanford Prison Experiment
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What refers to the motivation to reject attempts to control us?
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Reactance
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Researchers have identified ways to decrease __________ _________. They include: --Making individuals' contributions more identifiable and unique. --simplifying the evaluation of these contributions. --making the group's task more attractive.
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social loafing
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What are these symptoms of: --Overestimating the power and morality of one's group. --Close-mindedness and unwillingness to hear all sides of an argument. --pressure for uniformity
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Groupthink
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A person's _______ ______ might include identifying with a religious group, a country, a social organization, a political party, and many other groups.
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social identity
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What are the types of social identity?
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ethnicity and religion, personal relationships, vocations and avocations, political affiliations, and stigmatized groups
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What do individuals call the group to which they belong?
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in-group
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What is a person's conscious and openly shared attitude, which might be measured using a questionnaire?
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Explicit Racism
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What refers to attitudes that exist on a deeper, hidden level regarding racism.
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Implicit Racism
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What made it unlawful to deny someone employment on the basis of gender or ethnicity in the United States?
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Civil Rights Act of 1964
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According to this man, intergroup contact is likely to reduce prejudice when group members: --Think that they are of equal status --Feel that an authority figure sanctions their positive relationships --Believe that friendship might emerge from the interaction --Engage in cooperative tasks in which everyone has something to contribute
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Gordon Allport
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What is working together on a shared goal--in reducing tensions between groups called? Two examples are Sherif's Robbers Cave Study and Aronson's jigsaw classroom.
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task-oriented cooperation
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What is physical closeness and is a strong predictor of attraction?
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Proximity
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What explains why people are attracted to others who are similar to them? Basically, we seek out similar behaviors to our own.
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consensual validation
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From the social exchange perspective, the most important predictor of a relationship's success is __________--a feeling that each person in the relationship is doing their fair share.
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equity
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What are the most important variables in predicting health?
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social ties
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