question

What is the area of social psychology that explores how people select, interpret, remember, and use social information?

answer

Social Cognition

question

What refers to the processes by which we use social stimuli to form impressions of others?

answer

Person Perception

question

Who examined how perception of faces can influence political elections?

answer

Alexander Todorov

question

What describes the expectations that cause individuals to act in ways that serve to make the expectations come true? --It shows the potential power of stereotypes and other sources of expectations on human behavior.

answer

self-fulfilling prophecy

question

--Occurs when we first meet someone. --Can evaluate personality traits. --An example of the primacy effect.

answer

First Impressions

question

What is the process by which we come to understand the causes of others' behavior and form an impression of them as individuals?

answer

Attribution

question

What are the thee dimensions of attributions?

answer

Internal/External Causes, Stable/Unstable Causes, and Controllable/Uncontrollable Causes

question

These attributions are causes inside and specific to the person, such as: --traits --abilities

answer

Internal Causes

question

These attributions are causes outside the person, such as: --social pressure --aspects of the social situation --the weather --luck

answer

External Causes

question

Whether the cause of the behavior is relatively enduring and permanent or temporary influences attributions.

answer

Stable/Unstable Causes

question

We perceive that people have power over some causes but not others.

answer

Controllable/Uncontrollable Causes

question

In attribution theory, who is the person who produces the behavior? --Explain their own behavior in terms of external causes.

answer

actor

question

Who is the person who offers a causal explanation of the actor's behavior. --Explain the actor's behavior in terms of internal causes.

answer

observer

question

Which two heuristics are related to the special significance of our own thoughts and circumstances?

answer

fundamental attribution error and false consensus effect

question

What is one of the most important self-related variables, also known as the degree to which we have positive or negative feelings about ourselves.

answer

self-esteem

question

What describes individuals' comparisons with people whom they consider inferior to themselves?

answer

downward social comparisons

question

What are the three conditions under which attitudes guide actions?

answer

strong attitude, strong awareness, rehearsal, and practice of an attitude, and a vested interest

question

Name this condition of attitudes predicting behaviors: If you are very passionate about recycling, you are less likely to pitch that soda in the trash than a weak-minded person. What does this describe?

answer

Strong Attitude

question

Name this condition of attitudes predicting behaviors: A person who has been asked to give a speech about the benefits of recycling is more likely to recycle than an individual with the same attitude about recycling who has not done so.

answer

strong awareness, rehearsal, and practice of an attitude

question

Name this condition of attitudes predicting behaviors: People are more likely to act on attitudes when the issue at stake is something that will affect them personally.

answer

vested interest

question

In this study: --College students were asked to engage in boring tasks. --They were later asked to persuade other students to participate in the study by telling him how interesting/enjoyable the task was. --Half were paid $1 to lie, and the other half received $20. Afterward, all of the participants rated how interesting/enjoyable the task was. --Those paid only $1 rated the task as more enjoyable because they experienced more cognitive dissonance.

answer

Festinger and Carlsmith's Cognitive Dissonance Study

question

Which type of dissonance reduction means coming up with a rationale for the amount of work we put into getting something, typically by increasing the value associated with things that are difficult to attain.

answer

Effort Justification

question

Which theory asserts that behaviors can cause attitudes, because when we are questioned about our attitudes, we think back on our behaviors for information. Additionally, we are likely to look to our behavior to determine our attitudes when those attitudes are unclear.

answer

Self-Perception Theory

question

What involves trying to change someone's attitude--and often his or her behaviors as well?

answer

Persuasion

question

Who along with his colleagues originally identified the various elements of persuasion?

answer

Carl Hovland

question

Which element of persuasion does this describe? --The person persuading

answer

The communicator

question

Which element of persuasion does this describe? --The medium or technology used to get the message across. --YouTube, Tumblr (lol), or The Washington Post

answer

The medium

question

Which element of persuasion does this describe? --The audience or target of a message can play are role in message persuasiveness. --Younger people are more likely to change attitudes than older ones. --Individuals with weak attitudes are more easily persuaded than those with strong ones.

answer

The target audience

question

Which element of persuasion does this describe? --The information itself --Is it persuasive? --Logos, Ethos, or Pathos?

answer

The message

question

Which part of the elaboration likelihood model works by engaging the audience thoughtfully with a sound, logical argument?

answer

central route

question

Which part of the elaboration likelihood model involves factors such as the source's attractiveness or the emotional power of an appeal? --It is effective when people are not paying close attention or lack the time or energy to think about the message.

answer

peripheral route

question

Which strategy of persuasion involves making a smaller request at the beginning, saving the biggest demand for last?

answer

foot-in-the-door technique

question

Which strategy of persuasion involves making the biggest pitch first, which the customer will probably reject, and then making a smaller, "concessionary" demand.

answer

door-in-the-face technique

question

In terms of resisting persuasion, what describes the process of giving people a weak version of a persuasive message and allowing them time to argue against it in order to help in persuasive avoidance.

answer

inoculation

question

What are "random acts of kindness", or behaviors that involve helping another person?

answer

Prosocial Behaviors

question

What term describes the notion that kindness might also serve selfish purposes, specifically meaning that we help another person to increase the chances that the person will return the favor.

answer

Reciprocity

question

What do effect do acts of kindness have on average people?

answer

increased positive mood

question

Which neurotransmitter is associated with prosocial behavior?

answer

Serotonin

question

What micro-structures in the brain are also associated with prosocial behavior along with Serotonin?

answer

Dopamine Receptors

question

Which neurohormone plays a key role in social bonding and is associated with enhanced prosocial behavior?

answer

Oxytocin

question

In terms of brain structures, research suggests that when we feel compassion for another person, areas of the _______ associated with the perception of pain are likely to be active.

answer

midbrain

question

What is a person's feeling of oneness with the emotional state of another? Basically, we feel this for someone when we feel what that person is feeling.

answer

Empathy

question

What is the personality trait most strongly associated with prosocial behaviors?

answer

Agreeableness

question

Our mood can determine whether or not we engage in kind behaviors. The research literature strongly concludes that which type of people are more likely than unhappy people to help others.

answer

happy people

question

What is a socio-economic factor in prosocial behavior? Also, which type of people are more likely to help those in need, rich or poor people?

answer

Socio-economic status, poor people

question

--Kitty Genovese is brutally murdered. --It takes 30 minutes --38 People See --Nobody Calls the Cops OR --15 year old girl was raped and beaten by as many as 10 people outside of homecoming. --20 people watch --Nobody Calls for Help What does this describe?

answer

Bystander Effect

question

What two parts of the brain are connected with aggression?

answer

limbic system and frontal lobes

question

Which low levels of a certain neurotransmitter are linked with aggressive behavior, albeit minimally?

answer

Serotonin

question

Which hormone is typically implicated in aggressive behavior?

answer

tesosterone

question

What are low levels of agreeableness associated with?

answer

aggressive behavior

question

What three traits are associated with aggression?

answer

Low agreeableness, low conscientiousness, and high levels of neuroticism

question

According to John Dollard, what triggers aggression? I.E.-->The blocking of an individual's attempts to reach a goal.

answer

frustration

question

Which hypothesis states that frustration always leads to aggression?

answer

frustration-aggression hypothesis

question

What do these aversive experiences lead to? --Physical pain --Personal Insults --Crowding --Unpleasant Events

answer

aggression

question

Research by Leonard Berkowitz and others has shown that the mere presence of a _________ may prime hostile thoughts and produce ________.

answer

weapon, aggression

question

What is the tendency for the presence of firearms to enhance aggression?

answer

weapons effect

question

What is one of the strongest predictors of aggression?

answer

witnessing aggression in one's own family

question

What describes a culture in which a man's reputation is thought to be an essential aspect of economic survival? Usually, these losses of ___________ view violence as a way to compensate this loss.

answer

a culture of honor, honor

question

What medium that displays violence do many researchers believe can prompt aggressive or antisocial behavior in children.

answer

Television

question

What does violent pornography reinforce? I.E.> the false belief that women desire coercive sex.

answer

Rape Myth

question

According to a meta-analysis, which medium of entertainment was concluded to trigger more aggressiveness, less sensitivity to violence, and a higher engagement in delinquency in children and adolescents.

answer

Violent Videogames

question

Which Experiment is This? --You're in a room with five other people. --There's you and confederates. --You look at lines on cards and pick the one that looks the same. --The confederates pick the wrong ones 12/18 times. --You end up conforming to the correct answer 35% because of this.

answer

Asch's Experiment

question

What are the two main psychological factors that have been identified as contributing to conformity.

answer

informational social influence and normative social influence

question

What societal organization promotes greater levels of conformity?

answer

Collectivism

question

What is this experiment? --You are a "teacher" who shocks a "learner" each time the "learner" makes mistakes in memory. --The shocks get progressively worse, and each time you shock, the voltage goes up. --When you want to quit, an overseer tells you to keep going. --You keep going even when the "learner" quits responding. --You keep having to go on until the end. --You keep doing it because you are simply told and exhibit OBEDIENCE.

answer

Milgram's Experiment

question

What is this experiment? --Conducted by Philip Zimbardo --Students simulated a prison and were assigned either the role of "prisoner" or "guard". --Guards were given all the power by Zimbardo, and he informed them that they would be taking away each prisoner's individuality. --Guards behave sadistically, and prisoners end up submissive. --Conclusion is that anyone would do vile things if put in the same situation, and good people will do evil to other good people if the situation supports those deeds.

answer

Stanford Prison Experiment

question

What refers to the motivation to reject attempts to control us?

answer

Reactance

question

Researchers have identified ways to decrease __________ _________. They include: --Making individuals' contributions more identifiable and unique. --simplifying the evaluation of these contributions. --making the group's task more attractive.

answer

social loafing

question

What are these symptoms of: --Overestimating the power and morality of one's group. --Close-mindedness and unwillingness to hear all sides of an argument. --pressure for uniformity

answer

Groupthink

question

A person's _______ ______ might include identifying with a religious group, a country, a social organization, a political party, and many other groups.

answer

social identity

question

What are the types of social identity?

answer

ethnicity and religion, personal relationships, vocations and avocations, political affiliations, and stigmatized groups

question

What do individuals call the group to which they belong?

answer

in-group

question

What is a person's conscious and openly shared attitude, which might be measured using a questionnaire?

answer

Explicit Racism

question

What refers to attitudes that exist on a deeper, hidden level regarding racism.

answer

Implicit Racism

question

What made it unlawful to deny someone employment on the basis of gender or ethnicity in the United States?

answer

Civil Rights Act of 1964

question

According to this man, intergroup contact is likely to reduce prejudice when group members: --Think that they are of equal status --Feel that an authority figure sanctions their positive relationships --Believe that friendship might emerge from the interaction --Engage in cooperative tasks in which everyone has something to contribute

answer

Gordon Allport

question

What is working together on a shared goal--in reducing tensions between groups called? Two examples are Sherif's Robbers Cave Study and Aronson's jigsaw classroom.

answer

task-oriented cooperation

question

What is physical closeness and is a strong predictor of attraction?

answer

Proximity

question

What explains why people are attracted to others who are similar to them? Basically, we seek out similar behaviors to our own.

answer

consensual validation

question

From the social exchange perspective, the most important predictor of a relationship's success is __________--a feeling that each person in the relationship is doing their fair share.

answer

equity

question

What are the most important variables in predicting health?

answer

social ties

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