Chapter 12 MasteringBiology – Flashcards
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What is gene cloning?
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Gene cloning occurs when a bacterium carrying a recombinant plasmid reproduces, thus allowing for the production of multiple copies of the recombinant plasmid.
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When DNA from two sources is combined into one single piece of DNA, it is known as
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recombinant DNA.
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Which of the following statements best defines recombinant DNA technology?
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combining genes from different sources
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Restriction enzymes
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cut DNA at specific sites.
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Restriction enzymes specifically recognize and cut short sequences of DNA called
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restriction sites.
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An enzyme that "cuts" DNA at a specific sequence of nucleotide bases is called _____.
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a restriction enzyme
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The type of recombinant bacteria most often used to mass-produce genes is
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Escherichia coli.
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Insulin used for the treatment of diabetes in humans is now obtained from _____.
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bacteria
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The advantage of being able to clone the gene for human insulin is that
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human insulin is less likely to cause harmful side effects than cow, pig, or horse insulin.
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A vaccine works by
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stimulating the immune system.
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Golden rice has been genetically engineered. Golden rice differs from other rice varieties because it contains genes that will produce _____.
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beta-carotene
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What does the process of gene therapy involve?
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It adds a functioning version of the defective gene to the cells of an individual.
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What is the preferred name of the technique used to determine if DNA comes from a particular individual?
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DNA profiling
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DNA profiling is a forensic procedure being utilized to identify individuals. This technique _____.
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compares the DNA banding patterns of small segments of the genome
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In a PCR reaction, the strands of DNA are first separated by ___.
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heating
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When is PCR particularly applicable?
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When there are small quantities of DNA to analyze
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What is the correct sequence of events that occur in a PCR reaction?
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separation of DNA strands; addition of primers; use of DNA polymerase to produce second strand of DNA
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DNA polymerase is a heat-sensitive enzyme. What is one thing that would need to be considered concerning the activity of this enzyme in PCR when the temperature is heated during each cycle to separate the DNA strands?
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that the DNA polymerase could be denatured
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If you commit a crime, you need to make sure that you do not leave even the smallest speck of blood, hair, or other organic matter from your body. If you do, the DNA in this material can be amplified by ________, subjected to genetic analysis, and used to identify you as the perpetrator of the crime.
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PCR
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Gel electrophoresis separates DNA molecules on the basis of size. Which of the following DNA molecules would move the slowest?
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F plasmid (100 kb)
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The variation that occurs in 13 predetermined sites scattered throughout the human genome can be used to identify individual people. This DNA profile is possible because _____.
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an individual is likely to have the same sequence in the same places but with a different number of repeats
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To identify an individual involved in a crime, criminologists analyze DNA from a suspect's blood and compare the __________ to samples found at the crime scene.
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short tandem repeat DNA profile
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DNA profiles used as evidence in a murder trial look similar to supermarket bar codes. The pattern of bars in a DNA profile shows _____.
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the presence of various-sized fragments of DNA
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A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) is detected in an inheritable disorder that deletes the restriction site for HindIII. When the DNA from two individuals (one with and one without this disorder) is cut with this enzyme and then analyzed by gel electrophoresis, the resulting samples will be __________.
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of different sizes. The individual with the disease will have fewer fragments than an individual without this disorder
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When genetic variation in one nucleotide is found in at least 1% of the population, it is known as a
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single nucleotide polymorphism.
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What does the term restriction fragment length polymorphism mean?
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fragments of DNA that are different lengths in different individuals
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Which of the following statements about genomics is false?
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DNA technology limits genomic studies to prokaryotes.
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Comparison of whole genome sequences shows that we share _____ of our genome sequence with our closest relative.
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96%
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Approximately what percentage of human DNA is noncoding?
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98.5%
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The individuals working on the Human Genome Project (HGP) were attempting to _____.
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map all the human genes and determine the nucleotide sequence of the entire human genome
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Approximately what percentage of the human genome actually encodes proteins?
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3%
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The number of proteins in humans
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is much greater than the number of genes.
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Proteomics studies __________.
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all of the proteins encoded in a genome
