Chapter 12: Diabetes, Cardiovascular Disease, and Cancer – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
What is chronic disease?
answer
A disease that comes on gradually and lasts a long time; many chronic diseases can be managed but resist and complete cure.
question
Are Cardiovascular disease and diabetes chronic diseases?
answer
yes
question
How are CVD and diabetes managed?
answer
By a combination of lifestyle changes and medications focused on reducing the patient's cardio metabolic risk; that is, factors such as obesity, elevated blood pressure, and others that associated with theses two chronic diseases.
question
What is the five year survival rate for all cancers?
answer
68%
question
How many deaths does chronic disease cause?
answer
7 out of every 10 deaths in the U.S. each year. They are responsible for more than 54% of all deaths in the U.S. each year.
question
When do many of the deaths due to chronic disease occur?
answer
Prematurely, that is at an earlier age.
question
What are some effects of smoking?
answer
It can causes inflammation, reduced circulation, damage to blood vessels, genetic changes, and other problems that in turn are factors in diabetes, CVD and cancer.
question
How are diabetes, CVD and cancer related?
answer
The functions of the chemicals, cells, and tissues of our bodies are interrelated, and certain factors that initiate disease in one body organ or system can initiate disease in another.
question
What are the four key behaviors most strongly associated with the onset of chronic disease?
answer
-poor nutrition(obesity increases the risk for the most common form of diabetes as well as CVD and certain cancers) -lack of physical activity -tobacco use(single most avoidable cause of disease, disability, and death in the U.S.) -excessive alcohol consumption
question
At what age is diabetes most seen in?
answer
Adults over the age of 64. It is one of the most common serious illnesses in the U.S. More than 11% of Americans aged 20 or older have diabetes and another 35% are on their way to developing it.
question
What is diabetes mellitus?
answer
A group of diseases in which the body does not make or use insulin properly, resulting in elevated blood glucose. Covers a group of diseases characterized by high levels of sugar, or glucose in the blood. These high levels of blood glucose arise from problems with insulin, a hormone produced by the pancreas that is necessary for transportation of glucose into the body's cells.
question
What occurs to people with diabetes after they eat?
answer
Some people with diabetes simply don't make enough insulin to clear enough glucose from the bloodstream. Others make enough insulin, but their body cells don't respond to it effectively. In either case, glucose builds up in the bloodstream, while the body's cells--unable to take in glucose--suffer from lack of nourishment.
question
How does type 1 diabetes arise?
answer
It arises when the body's own immune system destroys the cells in the pancreas that make insulin
question
When does type 1 diabetes usually appear?
answer
Usually appears in childhood or adolescence, and researchers are investigation the role of specific genes in its development as well as the possible role of external factors such as viruses.
question
How is type 1 diabetes managed?
answer
People with it must monitor their blood glucose level throughout each day and take supplemental insulin. For this reason, type 1 diabetes is often know as insulin-dependent diabetes.
question
Is there a cure for type 1 diabetes?
answer
There is no cure for type 1 diabetes, but the condition is the focus of intense research, including studies into the use of stem cell therapy to replace the pancreas insulin-making beta cells
question
What is type 2 diabetes?
answer
A form of diabetes that usually begins later in life and arises when cells resist the effects of insulin.
question
What was type 2 diabetes once known as?
answer
Adult-onset diabetes.
question
What is the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes?
answer
With type 1 the cells of the pancreas stop making insulin, most cases of type 2 diabetes begin as insulin resistance. The pancreas makes normal amounts of insulin, but the body's cells don't respond to it properly, they resist its effects.
question
Why do the body's cells resist the effects of insulin?
answer
One factor in this resistance is the interference due to an overabundance of fatty acids concentrated in fat cells. This explains why type 2 diabetes is linked not only to age but also to obesity.
question
How does hyperglycemia occur?
answer
When the body's cells can't respond to insulin, they can't take up glucose, and it remains in the blood stream.
question
How can the pancreas lose the ability to produce insulin?
answer
The resulting hyperglycemia signals the pancreas to produce more insulin to get more glucose into the cells. As the demand for insulin continues to rise, the cells of the pancreas begin to fatigue. With continued high demand over time, they can lose their ability to produce insulin, just as in type 1 diabetes.
question
What is gestational diabetes?
answer
Develops in a women during pregnancy and affects up to 2-10% of pregnancy women. The condition usually disappears after childbirth, but researchers have learned that women who develop gestational diabetes have a 30%-60% chance of developing type 2 diabetes within the next 10-20 years.
question
What is type 1.5 diabetes?
answer
It is a general term for several varieties of diabetes that blend aspects of type 1 and type 2. It is also called latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA) type 1.5 is often revealed when blood tests show some immune system destruction of pancreatic beta cells but healthy insulin producing beta cells as well.
question
What are some physical signs and symptoms of diabetes?
answer
Frequent urination, excessive thirst, hunger, tendency to tire easily, numbness or tingling in the hands and feet, in women a tendency to develop vaginal yeast infections.
question
What is FBG?
answer
FBG, or fasting blood glucose test. Requires you to fast overnight. A technician then draws a blood sample, and the level of glucose in your blood is measured.
question
Describe blood glucose levels.
answer
-a blood glucose level below 100 mg/dl is normal -a blood glucose level between 100 and 125 means that you have prediabetes -a blood glucose level of 126 mg/dl or higher indicates true diabetes
question
What is prediabetes?
answer
A persistent state of blood glucose levels higher than normal, but not yet high enough to qualify as diabetes.
question
What is the glycated hemoglobin test?
answer
Also known as the A1C test, it measures how much glucose is attached to the hemoglobin. An A1C level of 6.5% or higher on two separete occasions indicates that you have diabetes, whereas 5.7% to 6.4% indicates prediabetes.
question
What are the long term effects of diabetes?
answer
damage to the blood vessels, kidneys filters are affected, severe gum disease. Diabetes also increases the risk of death from infection, several cancers and a variety of other disorders.
question
How many years does diabetes shave off a person's life?
answer
6 years and it is the 7th leading cause of death in the U.S.
question
What are some risk factors for type 2 diabetes?
answer
overweight, disproportionately large waist, diet, lack of exercise, chronic stress, genetic factors.
question
What happens after age 50?
answer
Body cells become increasingly less responsive to the effects of insulin
question
Clinical management of diabetes
answer
glucose monitoring, weight loss, oral medications, insulin therapy
question
What is CVD?
answer
Cardiovascular disease, or CVD, is a group of disorders that includes hypertension, coronary heart disease, congestive heart failure, and stroke.
question
What is the leading cause of adult morality in the U.S.?
answer
CVD and it is responsible for more than 3 in 10 deaths.
question
What are arteries?
answer
Vessels that transport blood away from the heart, delivering oxygen rich blood to the body periphery and oxygen poor blood to the lungs.
question
What are veins?
answer
Vessels that transport blood toward the heart, delivering oxygen poor blood from the body periphery or oxygen rich blood from the lungs.
question
What is the myocardium?
answer
The heart's muscle tissue. The contractions of the myocardium keep blood moving, ensuring that it transports oxygen and nutrients to, and eliminates wastes from, every region of the body.
question
What are the four chambers of the heart?
answer
The upper two chambers are the atria. Each atrium is connected by a valve to one of the corresponding lower ventricles. This division lets each side of the heart focus on a different task--either sending oxygen poor blood to the lungs for replenishment or pumping that re-oxygenated blood back out to the rest of the body.
question
What are capillaries?
answer
The smallest blood vessels, delivering blood and nutrients to individual cells and picking up wastes.
question
What is atherosclerosis?
answer
Condition characterized by narrowing of the arteries because of inflammation, scarring, and the buildup of fatty deposits.
question
What is blood pressure?
answer
The force of the blood moving against the arterial walls.
question
What is hypertension?
answer
It is a persistent state of elevated blood pressure. In addition it is also a risk factor for other forms of CVD, including coronary heart disease, congestive heart failure and stroke.
question
Factors influencing blood pressure
answer
The level of your blood pressure is determined, in part, by the pumping actions of your heart.
question
What is a systole?
answer
When your heart contracts, an action called systole, the pressure of the blood in your arteries momentarily increases. When it relaxes it is called diastole, your blood pressure drops.
question
What is blood pressure affected by?
answer
Compliance, the ability to stretch and recoil--of your arteries.
question
What can increase blood volume?
answer
Excessive glucose, sodium or other solutes in the blood.
question
Signs and symptoms of hyper tension
answer
Most people with hypertension experience no symptoms. A very few people with dangerously advanced hypertension may experience headaches and dizziness.
question
Long-term effects of hypertension
answer
left untreated, it can lead to the other forms of CVD. It can also cause vision loss and kidney disease and can reduce your ability to think clearly, remember and learn.
question
How is blood pressure measured?
answer
It is measured using a stethoscope and a device called a sphygmomanometer. Readings are recorded in millimeters of mercury.
question
Clinical managedment of hypertension
answer
- low sodium diet -water pills
question
What is CHD?
answer
Coronary heart disease is a disease characterized by atherosclerosis of the arteries that feed the heart; angina; and reduced blood supply to the myocardium
question
What happens when there is a large or total blockage of the coronary arteries?
answer
A myocardial infarction can be triggered, or a disruption in heart rhythm known as sudden cardiac arrest.
question
What is angina pectoris?
answer
Chest pain due to coronary heart disease. It occurs when the heart's need for nutirents and oxygen exceeds what the coronary arteries provide. It signals that a person is at significant risk of a life-threatening cardiac event.
question
Myocardial Infarction
answer
The more time that passes without treatment to restore blood flow, the greater the damage.
question
Warning signs of MI
answer
Angina, discomfort in the chest or other parts of the upper body, shortness of breath, and sweating, nausea, or dizziness. Women are less likely to experience less specific forms of pain and discomfort.
question
What happens when the heart is starved of blood?
answer
The nerve cells of the sinus node can also be affected, resulting in an irregularity of the heartbeat called an arrhythmia, in which the heart can beat too slowly, too quickly, or unevenly.
question
What is bradycardia?
answer
A slow arrhythmia. A slow heart rate of less than 60 beats per min
question
What is tachycardia?
answer
A fast arrhythmia. A fast heart rate--more than 100 beats per min. An especially dangerous type of tachycardia is fibrillation.
question
What happens in fibrillation?
answer
An improper electrical signal causes either the atria or the ventricles to contract so quickly and unevenly that they quiver rather than pump, unable to move blood effectively.
question
What happens with sudden cardiac arrest?
answer
The person's heart must be restarted within 6 min via electrical shock to prevent death. Even if the heart is restarted within 6 min, the patient may sustain irreversible brain damage from lack of oxygen to the brain.
question
What is an EKG, or ECG?
answer
It measures the heart's electrical activity and is commonly used to detect arrhythmias as well as the restricted blood flow that causes angina. An ECG conducted with the patient resting provides a baseline measurement, or the test can be done while the patient is exercising.
question
What does a stress test show?
answer
shows how the heart performs under increased physical demands.
question
What is an echocardiogram?
answer
It may be done during the stress test to produce images of the heart using sound waves.
question
What does asprin do?
answer
helps prevent blood clots and improves blood flow.
question
How do nitroglyercin tablets work?
answer
people will take them by placing the tablets under their tounge or use a spray version. It dialates blood vessles.
question
Management of sudden cardiac arrest
answer
The persons heart must be restarted with an AED. Automatic external defibrillator. It sends an electric shock to the heart and can restore a normal heartbeat.
question
What is an implantable cardioverter defibirllator?
answer
It is similar to a pacemaker, but transmits stronger electric pulses to help prevent further dangerous arrhythmias.
question
what is congestive heart failure?
answer
it is when the heart can no longer pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. As a result blood may pool, or become congested in other areas of the body, such as the lungs, the abdomen or the arms and legs.
question
What is a stroke?
answer
Also called cerebrovascular accident, it is a medical emergency in which the blood supply to a part of the brain ceases.
question
What is an ischemic stroke?
answer
Either a cerebral artery or one of the carotid arteries that run through the neck into the brain becomes blocked. All brain tissues normally served by the blocked artery become starved of oxygen and nutrients.
question
What is an hemorrhagic stroke?
answer
The term hemorrhage, means uncontrolled bleeding. A weakened cerebral artery leaks or ruptures, spilling blood into brain tissue. The blood compresses and damages the brain cells in the area of the spill.
question
What are the two most common causes of hemorrhagic strokes?
answer
-uncontrolled hypertension -aneurysm, a weak spot in an artery wall that may rupture.
question
What is an transient ischemic attack?
answer
A temporary episode of strokelike sumptoms, idicative of high stroke risk.
question
Long term effects of a stroke
answer
-paralysis -impaired speaking, swallowing and chewing -aphasia, a difficulty in understanding and expressing ideas in spoken or written words -loss of memory -pain
question
Congenital heart disease
answer
effects include holes in the walls that divide the chambers of the heart, abnormal narrowing of the coronary arteries, and malformations of the arteries that connect the heart and lungs.
question
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
answer
a genetic disorder resulting in a thick, stiffened muscle wall that cannot pump enough blood during rigorous activity.
question
Rheumatic heart disease
answer
begins when a bacterial infection, caused by the same streptococcus bacterium that causes strep throat, flares into rheuamatic fever. Along with an electaed temp. the illness causes inflammation of connective tissues throughout the body
question
What is dyslipidemia?
answer
Disorder characterized by abnormal levels of blood lipids, such as high LDL, cholesterol or low HDL cholesterol.
question
What is metabolic syndrome?
answer
A set of 5 unhealthy physical and metabolic conditoins together linked to an increased risk for type 2 diabetes and other metabolic diseases.
question
What is cardiometabolic risk?
answer
A cluster of nine modifiable factors that identify individuals at risk for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
question
What is cancer?
answer
A group of diseases marked by the uncontrollable multiplication of abnormal cells.
question
What are carcinogens?
answer
substances known to trigger DNA mutations that can lead to cancer
question
What happens if growth control genes are irreparably damaged?
answer
They become cancer causing oncogenes, issuing faulty orders for accelerated cell growth.
question
what are the five types of cancer?
answer
-carcinomas -sarcomas -central nervous system cancers -lymphomas and myelomas -leukemias
question
5 general signs of cancer
answer
unexplained weight loss, fever, fatigue, pain, skin changes
question
What is the most deadliest form of skin cancer?
answer
Malignany melanomas
