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psychological disorder

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deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional patterns of thoughts, feelings, or behaviors

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attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

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a psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of three key symptoms: extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity

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medical model

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the concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital

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DSM-IV-TR

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the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders

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anxiety disorders

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psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety

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generalized anxiety disorder

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an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal

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panic disorder

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an anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable mints-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations

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phobia

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an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation

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obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

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an anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions)

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post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

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an anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/ or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience

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post-traumatic growth

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positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises

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somatoform disorder

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psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause

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conversion disorder

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a rare somatoform disorder in which a person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no physiological basis can be found

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hypochondriasis

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a somatoform disorder in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease

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dissociative disorders

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disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings

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dissociative identity disorder (DID)

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a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities

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mood disorders

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psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes

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major depressive disorder

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a mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or a medical condition, two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities

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mania

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a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state

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bipolar disorder

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a mood disorder in which the personal alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania

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schizophrenia

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a group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions

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delusions

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false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders

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personality disorders

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psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning

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antisocial personality disorder

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a personality disorder in which the person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. may be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist

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eclectic approach

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an approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client's problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy

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psychotherapy

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treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth

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psychoanalysis

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Sigmund Freud's therapeutic technique; believed the patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences- and the therapist's interpretations of them- released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight

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resistance

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in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material

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interpretation

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in psychoanalysis, the analyst's noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight

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transference

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in psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love/ hatred for a parent)

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psychodynamic therapy

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therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition that views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and that seeks to enhance self-insight

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insight therapies

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a variety of therapies that aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing the client's awareness of underlying motives and defenses

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client-centered therapy

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a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients' growth

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active listening

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empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. a feature of Rogers' client-centered therapy

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unconditional positive regard

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a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl rogers believed would help clients to develop self-awareness and self-acceptance

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behavior therapy

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therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors

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counterconditioning

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a behavior therapy procedure that uses classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; includes exposure therapies and aversive conditioning

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exposure therapies

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behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actuality) to the things they fear and avoid

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systematic desensitization

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a type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. commonly used to treat phobias

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virtual reality exposure therapy

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an anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to simulations of their greatest fears, such as airplane flying, spiders, or public speaking

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aversive conditioning

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a type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol)

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token economy

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an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats

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cognitive therapy

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therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions

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cognitive-behavioral therapy

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a popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)

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family therapy

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therapy that treats the family as a system. views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by, or directed at, other family members

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regression toward the mean

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the tendency for extreme or unusual scores to fall back (regress) toward their average

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meta-analysis

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a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies

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evidence-based practice

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clinical decision-making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences

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biomedical therapy

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prescribed medications or medical procedures that act directly on the patient's nervous system

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psychopharmacology

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the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior

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antipsychotic drugs

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drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder

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tardive dyskinesia

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involuntary movements of the facial muscles, tongue, and limbs; a possible neurotoxic side effect of long-term use of antipsychotic drugs that target certain dopamine receptors

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antianxiety drugs

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drugs used ton control anxiety and agitation

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antidepressant drugs

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drugs used to treat depression; also increasingly prescribed for anxiety. different types work by altering the availability of various neurotransmitters

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electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

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a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient

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repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)

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the application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity

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psychosurgery

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surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior

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lobotomy

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a now-rare psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. the procedure cut the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain. developed by Egas Moniz

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resilience

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the personal strength that helps most people cope with stress and recover from adversity and even trauma

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paranoid personality disorder

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personality disorder: distrust & suspicion, appears cold & indifferent, tends to hold long grudges

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schizoid personality disorder

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personality disorder: indifference to social relations, emotional blandness, lack social skills, lethargic & slow, avoids social relations

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schizotypal personality disorder

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personality disorder: need for social isolation, odd behavior & thinking, odd beliefs (extrasensory abilities), many think they have magical powers

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borderline personality disorder

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personality disorder: mood instability, poor self-image, take insult to small slights, may take out anger on themselves (cutting), suicide threats

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histrionic personality disorder

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personality disorder: attention-seeking, demanding praise, dressing dramatically & seductively, center of attention

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narcissistic personality disorder

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personality disorder: self-centeredness, over-importance of self-worth, generally uninterested in others' feelings

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avoidant personality disorder

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personality disorder: feelings of inadequacy, extreme sensitivity to negativity, considers themselves emotionally inept, avoid social interaction because fear of ridicule

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dependent personality disorder

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personality disorder: pathological dependence on other people, difficulty in making everyday decisions without excessive amount of advice

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obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

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personality disorder: stress perfectionism, anxious when things "aren't right"

Chapter 12 Abnormal Psychology & Chapter 13 Treatment of Psychological Disorders – Flashcards

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