Chapter 12; 4-8 IDs – Flashcards

-Henry Ford was an American industrialist, the founder of the Ford Motor Company, and the sponsor of the development of the assembly line technique of mass production. -Ford drew controversy for his pacifist stance during the early years of World War I and earned widespread criticism for his anti-Semitic views and writings. -In order to meet overwhelming demand for the revolutionary vehicle, Ford introduced revolutionary new mass-production methods -including large production plants, the use of standardized, interchangeable parts and, in 1913, the world's first moving assembly line for cars. -Enormously influential in the industrial world, Ford was also outspoken in the political realm.

-Mass production, Mass production", "flow production" or "continuous production" is the production of large amounts of standardized products, including and especially on assembly lines. -Mass production is based on the principles of specialisation and division of labour as first described by Adam Smith in "The Wealth of Nations" in 1776 - as first practised in places like Eli Whitney's gun factory in America in the 1790s. -Mass-production methods use highly skilled labour to design products and to set up production systems, and highly unskilled labour to produce standardised components and assemble them. -The early businesses that used such methods were able to take workers directly out of agricultural labour on the land and on to the factory floor. -No significant retraining was required.

-The Ford Model T (colloquially known as the Tin Lizzie, T‑Model Ford, Model T, T, Leaping Lena, or flivver) is an automobile that was produced by Ford Motor Company from October 1, 1908, to May 26, 1927. -The Model T, also known as the "Tin Lizzie," changed the way Americans live, work and travel. -Henry Ford's revolutionary advancements in assembly-line automobile manufacturing made the Model T the first car to be affordable for a majority of Americans. -For the first time car ownership became a reality for average American workers, not just the wealthy.

-management of a business, industry, or economy, according to principles of efficiency. -derived from experiments in methods of work and production, especially from time-and-motion studies. -Scientific management is a theory of management that analyzes and synthesizes workflows. -Its main objective is improving economic efficiency, especially labor productivity.

-a series of workers and machines in a factory by which a succession of identical items is progressively assembled. -The most significant piece of Ford's efficiency crusade was the assembly line. -Inspired by the continuous-flow production methods used by flour mills, breweries, canneries and industrial bakeries, along with the disassembly of animal carcasses in Chicago's meat-packing plants -Ford installed moving lines for bits and pieces of the manufacturing process -For instance, workers built motors and transmissions on rope-and-pulley-powered conveyor belts. In December 1913, he unveiled the pièce de résistance: the moving-chassis assembly line.

-The term Consumer revolution refers to the period from approximately 1600 to 1750 in England in which there was a marked increase in the consumption -variety of "luxury" goods and products by individuals from different economic and social backgrounds. -In the 1760s and '70s Great Britain was the world's only superpower, and its North American subjects were in many ways closer to the mother country than they were to one another. -Fire and water are not more heterogeneous than the different colonies in North America," wrote English traveler Andrew Burnaby after a visit in 1759 and '60. -Split between Puritans on rocky farms in New England, plantation owners in Virginia and the Carolinas, and a motley crew of traders in between, the colonists seemed more likely to come to blows with each other than with anyone else.

-installment buying definition. Purchasing a commodity over a period of time. -The buyer gains the use of the commodity immediately and then pays for it in periodic payments called installments. -Installment buying is the purhasing of a good or commodity over a period of time. -The purchaser of the item recieves the item immediately, while paying in small payments, or ''installments'' over a period of time. -Before installment buying was introduced in the 20's only wealthy people could afford luxorious items such as pianos, phonographs, radios, fridges and vacuum cleaners.

-a market in which share prices are rising, encouraging buying -Much of the rest of the rally is due to energy stocks. -The money on oil now is a bet that recent OPEC production quotas will hold up. -That bet has failed repeatedly — crude prices only keep up with inflation, since 1973, during brief fits of effective manipulation. -Eventually, kleptocrats always choose stable home fronts over stable prices, and cheat on quotas to achieve it. -They will again. Soon. Energy stocks are about 8% of the S&P 500 and are up 9.4% since the election.

-Buying on margin is the purchase of an asset by paying the margin and borrowing the balance from a bank or broker. -Buying on margin refers to the initial or down payment made to the broker for the asset being purchased -the collateral for the borrowed funds is the marginable securities in the investor's account. -Before buying on margin, an investor needs to open a margin account with the broker.

-the action of inflating something or the condition of being inflated. -general increase in prices and fall in the purchasing value of money. -Inflation is the rate at which the general level of prices for goods -services is rising and, consequently, the purchasing power of currency is falling. -Central banks attempt to limit inflation, and avoid deflation -in order to keep the economy running smoothly.

-A nation with a cumulative balance of payment surplus. -A creditor nation has positive net investment after recording all of the financial transactions completed between it and the rest of the world. -Creditor nations have invested more resources in other countries than the rest of the world has invested in them. -To determine if a country is a creditor nation, one must account for the the nation's overall debt balance when calculating the balance of payments.

-Northern victory in the Civil War decided the fate of the Union and of slavery, but posed numerous problems. -Central to Reconstruction was the effort of former slaves to breathe full meaning into their newly acquired freedom, and to claim their rights as citizens. -Rather than passive victims of the actions of others, African Americans were active agents in shaping Reconstruction. -After rejecting the Reconstruction plan of President Andrew Johnson -the Republican Congress enacted laws and Constitutional amendments that empowered the federal government to enforce the principle of equal rights -gave black Southerners the right to vote and hold office. -The new Southern governments confronted violent opposition from the Ku Klux Klan and similar groups.

-But farming did not do well in the 1920s. US agriculture had expanded during the First World War to sell food to Europe, but afterwards countries returned to growing their own a grain. -The expansion had led to over-production and now there was too much food on the market. Farmers found it more and more difficult to sell their produce. -Despite agricultural overproduction and successive attempts in Congress to provide relief, the agricultural economy of the 1920s experienced an ongoing depression. -Large surpluses were accompanied by falling prices at a time when American farmers were burdened by heavy debt. -Between 1920 and 1932, one in four farms was sold to meet financial obligations and many farmers migrated to urban areas. With one-fifth of the American population making their living on the land, rural poverty was widespread. -So, not everybody was able to participate fully in the emergent consumer economy in American. -Apart from white farmers, African American and immigrants found this decade tough.

-Andrew William Mellon was an American banker, businessman, industrialist, philanthropist, art collector, and politician. -From the wealthy Mellon family of Pennsylvania, he established a vast business empire before transitioning into politics. -Andrew Mellon took over his father's bank and built up a financial-industrial empire. -He founded Alcoa, Gulf Oil and Union Steel and by the early 1920s was one of the richest men in the US. -Mellon was appointed to head the U.S. Treasury by President Harding and continued under Coolidge and Hoover. -His fortune and art collection were the basis for the National Gallery of Art

-Herbert Clark Hoover was an American politician who served as the 31st President of the United States from 1929 to 1933 during the Great Depression. -Hoover undertook various measures designed to stimulate the economy, and a few of the programs he introduced became key components of later relief efforts. -However, Hoover's response to the crisis was constrained by his conservative political philosophy. -He believed in a limited role for government and worried that excessive federal intervention posed a threat to capitalism and individualism. -He felt that assistance should be handled on a local, voluntary basis.

-The Teapot Dome Scandal was a bribery incident that took place in the United States from 1921 to 1922 -during the administration of President Warren G. Harding. -As a member of President Harding's corruption-ridden cabinet in the early 1920s -Hall accepted a $100,000 interest-free "loan" from Edward Doheny of the Pan-American Petroleum and Transport Company, who wanted Fall to grant his firm a valuable oil lease in the Elk Hills naval oil reserve in California. -The site, along with the Teapot Dome naval oil reserve in Wyoming, had been previously transferred to the Department of the Interior on the urging of Fall -who evidently realized the personal gains he could achieve by leasing the land to private corporations.

-John Calvin Coolidge Jr. was the 30th President of the United States. -A Republican lawyer from Vermont, Coolidge worked his way up the ladder of Massachusetts state politics, eventually becoming governor of that state. -Coolidge's no-nonsense approach and somber nature stood in stark contrast to his predecessor's genial personality and casual leadership style. -The differences served Coolidge well as he worked to clean up the corruption that had plagued the Harding administration. -He appointed a special counsel to investigate the Teapot Dome oil-lease scandal.

-The Washington Naval Conference, also called the Washington Arms Conference or the Washington Disarmament Conference -a military conference called by U.S. President Warren G. Harding and held in Washington, D.C., from 12 November 1921 to 6 February 1922. -World War I, leaders in the international community sought to prevent the possibility of another war. -Rising Japanese militarism and an international arms race heightened these concerns. -As a result, policymakers worked to reduce the rising threat. Senator William E. Borah led a congressional effort to demand that the United States engage its two principal competitors in the naval arms race

-The Kellogg-Briand Pact or Pact of Paris, officially General Treaty for Renunciation of War as an Instrument of National Policy. -a 1928 international agreement in which signatory states promised not to use war to resolve "disputes -conflicts of whatever nature or of whatever origin they may be, which may arise -The Kellogg-Briand Pact provided for outlawing war as an "an instrument of national policy" -Relations between the United States and France had cooled in the aftermath of World War I. -A number of issues had driven the former allies apart

-The Dawes Plan as proposed by the Dawes Committee, chaired by Charles G. Dawes was an attempt in 1924 to solve the World War I reparations problem -which had bedeviled international politics following World War I and the Treaty of Versailles. -The Dawes Plan of 1924 was formulated to take Weimar Germany out of hyperinflationand to return Weimar's economy to some form of stability. -The Dawes Plan got its name as the man who headed the committee was an American called Charles Dawes.

-Warren Gamaliel Harding was the 29th President of the United States, serving from March 4, 1921 until his death in 1923. -Warren Harding followed a predominantly pro-business, conservative Republican agenda. Taxes were reduced, particularly for corporations and wealthy individuals -high protective tariffs were enacted; and immigration was limited. -Harding signed the Budget and Accounting Act of 1921, which streamlined the federal budget system and established the General Accounting Office to audit government expenditures. -Additionally, the United States hosted a successful naval disarmament conference for the world's leading countries. -Harding also nominated ex-president Taft as the chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court. -To date, Taft is the only former chief executive to have held this position.

-Although the United States did not join the League of Nations, it did cooperate with international agencies throughout the 1920s -into the 1930s on such matters as trade and drug trafficking. -The United States also headed efforts to advance diplomatic talks on limited disarmament, to resolve the tangled questions of war debts and reparations - to maintain international peace, all while remaining deeply involved in Western Hemisphere affairs, particularly in Central America. -American foreign policy was far from isolationist in the '20s.

-Modernism is a philosophical movement that, along with cultural trends and changes, arose from wide-scale -far-reaching transformations in Western society during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. -modern character or quality of thought, expression, or technique. -style or movement in the arts that aims to break with classical and traditional forms. -movement toward modifying traditional beliefs in accordance with modern ideas, especially in the Roman Catholic Church in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

-form of a religion, especially Islam or Protestant Christianity, that upholds belief in the strict, literal interpretation of scripture. -strict adherence to the basic principles of any subject or discipline. -type of militantly conservative religious movement characterized by the advocacy of strict conformity to sacred texts. -Once used exclusively to refer to American Protestants who insisted on the inerrancy of the Bible, the term fundamentalism was applied more broadly beginning in the late 20th century to a wide variety of religious movements. -Indeed, in the broad sense of the term, many of the major religions of the world may be said to have fundamentalist movements.

-The Scopes Trial, formally known as The State of Tennessee v. John Thomas Scopes and commonly referred to as the Scopes Monkey Trial -was an American legal case in 1925 in which a substitute high school -The Scopes Trial, commonly referred to as the Scopes Evolution Trial or the Scopes Monkey trial, began on July 10th, 1925. -The defendant, John Thomas Scopes, was a high school coach and substitute teacher who had been charged with violating the Butler Act by teaching the theory of evolution in his classes. - The Butler Act forbid the teaching of any theory that denied the biblical story of Creationism. -By teaching that man had descended from apes, the theory of evolution, Scopes was charged with breaking the law.

-Clarence Seward Darrow was an American lawyer, leading member of the American Civil Liberties Union, and prominent advocate for Georgist economic reform. -Darrow switched from labor law to criminal law following the California incident. In the spring of 1924, he took on one of his greatest cases. -College students, Richard Loeb and Nathan Leopold, kidnapped and murdered a 14-year-old boy. -They had confessed that they did it for the thrill and to see if they could accomplish the crime with perfect timing. -The prosecutor asked for the death penalty. -Darrow believed that to inflict any unnecessary suffering was cruel and heartless. -He delivered a two-hour speech to the jury, and the young men were spared the death penalty for life in prison.

-a system, originally determined by legislation in 1921, of limiting by nationality the number of immigrants who may enter the U.S. each year. 2. -a policy of limiting the number of minority group members in a business firm, school -in 1921, congress passed the Emergency Quota Act. It established a quota system. -This set a limit on how many immigrants from each country could enter the US every year. -The Quota System made it so only 2% of a county's population could enter the US as immigrants each year. -This mainly was to limit European immigration, and was successful in limiting immigration except from Mexico and Canada. -During the 1920's only about 38,000 Asian came into the United States.

-The Ku Klux Klan (KKK) is a white supremacist organization that was founded in 1866. -Throughout its notorious history, factions of the secret fraternal organization have used acts of terrorism including murder, lynching, arson, rape, and bombing -to oppose the granting of civil rights to African Americans. -Though Democratic leaders would later attribute Ku Klux Klan violence to poorer southern whites, the organization's membership crossed class lines, from small farmers and laborers to planters, lawyers, merchants, physicians and ministers. -In the regions where most Klan activity took place, local law enforcement officials either belonged to the Klan or declined to take action against it, and even those who arrested accused Klansmen found it difficult to find witnesses willing to testify against them. -Other leading white citizens in the South declined to speak out against the group's actions, giving them tacit approval.

-the prevention by law of the manufacture and sale of alcohol, especially in the US between 1920 and 1933. -the action of forbidding something, especially by law. -temperance societies were a common fixture in communities across the United States. Women played a strong role in the temperance movement -as alcohol was seen as a destructive force in families and marriages. -In 1906, a new wave of attacks began on the sale of liquor, led by the Anti-Saloon League and driven by a reaction to urban growth -as well as the rise of evangelical Protestantism and its view of saloon culture as corrupt and ungodly. -In addition, many factory owners supported prohibition in their desire to prevent accidents and increase the efficiency of their workers in an era of increased industrial production and extended working hours.

-The Eighteenth Amendment is the only Amendment to ever have been repealed from the United States Constitution-via the inclusion of the Twenty-First Amendment. -The 18th Amendment called for the banning of the manufacture, sale, or transportation of alcoholic beverages. -the National Prohibition Act-popularly known as the Volstead Act, after its legislative sponsor, Representative Andrew J. Volstead of Minnesota -was enacted in order to provide the government with the means of enforcing Prohibition. -Loopholes in this act-such as the fact that liquor used for medicinal, sacramental or industrial purposes remained legal, as did fruit or grape beverages prepared at home-as well as varying degrees of government support throughout -1920s hampered the enforcement of Prohibition, and it would remain more of an ideal than a reality.

-The National Prohibition Act, known informally as the Volstead Act, was enacted to carry out the intent of the Eighteenth Amendment -which established prohibition in the United States. -Andrew J. Volstead, Republican representative from Minnesota, was the driving force behind the National Prohibition Act written - to provide for the enforcement of the recently ratified 18th Amendment. -It was passed by Congress in October, 1919, but was vetoed by President Wilson on October 27. -The House again passed the measure, with enough votes to override Wilson's veto, on the same day and the U.S. Senate did the same on the next day.

-Rum-running, or bootlegging, is the illegal business of transporting alcoholic beverages where such transportation is forbidden by law. -Smuggling is usually done to circumvent taxation or prohibition laws within a particular jurisdiction -Bootlegging, in U.S. history, illegal traffic in liquor in violation of legislative restrictions on its manufacture, sale, or transportation. -The word apparently came into general use in the Midwest in the 1880s to denote the practice of concealing flasks of illicit liquor in boot tops when going to trade with Indians. -The term became part of the American vocabulary when the Eighteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution effected the national prohibition of alcohol from 1920 until its repeal in 1933.

-A "Red Scare" is the promotion of fear of a potential rise of communism or radical leftism. -In the United States, the First Red Scare was about worker revolution and political radicalism. -One of the pioneering efforts to investigate communist activities took place in the U.S. House of Representatives -where the House Un-American Activities Committee was formed in 1938. -HUAC's investigations frequently focused on exposing Communists working inside the federal government or subversive elements working in the Hollywood film industry -the committee gained new momentum following World War II, as the Cold War began. -Under pressure from the negative publicity aimed at their studios, movie executives created blacklists that barred suspected radicals from employment

-The Palmer Raids were a series of raids conducted by the United States Department of Justice to capture, arrest and deport suspected radical leftists -especially anarchists, from the United States. -The year 1919 saw a great deal of social conflict a wave of strikes, the passage of both Prohibition and Woman Suffrage, and the Chicago race riot. -A series of bombings by suspected anarchists began in Summer 1919; on June 2, bombs went off in eight cities, including Washington DC, where Palmer's home was partially destroyed. Just who set the bombs remained unclear. - Although there were only about 70, 000 self professed Communists in the United States in 1919, Palmer viewed them as responsible for a wide range of social ills, including the bombings. Encouraged by Congress, which had refused to seat the duly elected socialist from Wisconsin, Victor Berger, Mitchell began a series of showy and well publicized raids against radicals and leftists. -Striking without warning and without warrants, Palmer's men smashed union offices and the headquarters' of Communist and Socialist organizations.

-Despite worldwide demonstrations in support of their innocence, Italian-born anarchists Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti are executed for murder. -On April 15, 1920, a paymaster for a shoe company in South Braintree, Massachusetts, was shot and killed along with his guard. -paymaster for a shoe company in South Braintree, Massachusetts, was shot and killed along with his guard. -The murderers, who were described as two Italian men, escaped with more than $15,000. -After going to a garage to claim a car that police said was connected with the crime, Sacco and Vanzetti were arrested and charged with the crime. -Although both men carried guns and made false statements upon their arrest, neither had a previous criminal record. - On July 14, 1921, they were convicted and sentenced to die.

-William Jennings Bryan was an American orator and politician from Nebraska, and a dominant force in the populist wing of the Democratic Party -standing three times as the Party's nominee for President of the United States. -During the Spanish-American War, Bryan served as a colonel in a Nebraska regiment -after the war, he condemned McKinley's Philippine policy as imperialism. -Nominated again by the Democrats in 1900, Bryan hoped to make the election a referendum on imperialism, but other issues intervened, including his own insistence on free silver and attacks on monopolies. -McKinley won again.

-the science of improving a human population by controlled breeding to increase the occurrence of desirable heritable characteristics. -Developed largely by Francis Galton as a method of improving the human race -it fell into disfavor only after the perversion of its doctrines by the Nazis. -the selection of desired heritable characteristics in order to improve future generations -typically in reference to humans. -The term eugenics was coined in 1883 by British explorer and natural scientist Francis Galton, who, influenced by Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection

-The American Civil Liberties Union is a nonpartisan, non-profit, organization whose stated mission is "to defend -preserve the individual rights and liberties guaranteed to every person in this -has evolved in the years since from this small group of idealists into the nation's premier defender of the rights enshrined in the U.S. Constitution. -With more than 750,000 members, nearly 200 staff attorneys, thousands of volunteer attorneys, and offices throughout the nation -the ACLU of today continues to fight government abuse and to vigorously defend individual freedoms including speech and religion -a woman's right to choose, the right to due process, citizens' rights to privacy and much more.

-National Origins Act of 1924 definition. -A law that severely restricted immigration by establishing a system of national quotas that blatantly discriminated against immigrants from southern and eastern Europe -virtually excluded Asians. -The policy stayed in effect until the 1960s. -The National Origins Act of 1924 was a component of the Immigration Act of 1924 that established a quota system for determining how many immigrants could enter the United States -restricted by country of origin. Although the quota system established by this Act has been abolished and other provisions heavily modified by the Immigration Act of 1965 - Act represents a significant redesign of the American immigration system for several decades in the mid-20th century.

-Sir Charles Spencer "Charlie" Chaplin, KBE was an English comic actor, filmmaker -composer who rose to fame during the era of silent film. -Chaplin came to be known as a grueling perfectionist. His love for experimentation often meant countless takes -it was not uncommon for him to order the rebuilding of an entire set. -Nor was it uncommon for him to begin filming with one leading actor, realize he'd made a mistake in his casting and start again with someone new.

-Young Jakie Rabinowitz loves jazz and ragtime, and wants to be a performer. -But his father is a cantor, and he orders his son to carry on the family tradition. - Jakie tries his hand anyway, only to be discovered by neighbor Moisha Yudelson and kicked out o -widely credited with being the first talkie, the accolade is somewhat misleading. -Other films had synchronized sound for music or sound effects prior to this film. -The small studio Warner Brothers had bought a sound-on-disc system called Vitaphone and debuted the system in 1926 with Don Juan, a lavish costume drama featuring a score performed by the New York Philharmonic Orchestra.

-George Herman "Babe" Ruth was an American professional baseball player whose career in Major League Baseball spanned 22 seasons, from 1914 through 1935 -Ruth's success on the field was matched by a lifestyle that catered perfectly to a pre-Depression America hungry for a fast lifestyle. -Rumors of his large appetite for food, alcohol, and women, as well as his tendency toward extravagant spending and high living, were as legendary as his exploits at the plate. -This reputation, whether true or imagined, hurt Ruth's chances of becoming a team manager in later life. -Ball clubs, wary of his lifestyle, didn't want to take a chance on the seemingly irresponsible Ruth.

-Charles Augustus Lindbergh, nicknamed Slim, Lucky Lindy, and The Lone Eagle, was an American aviator, military officer, author, inventor, explorer, and environmental activist. -Despite any personal controversies, Lindbergh is credited with helping to usher in the age of commercial aviation. -His incredible acts of courage continue to inspire others. -His grandson, Erik Lindbergh, recreated the flight that made his grandfather famous in 2002. -Lindbergh died of cancer on August 26, 1974, in his remote Maui home. -He was survived by his wife and five living children: Jon, Land, Anne, Scott and Reeve.

-in the 1920s) a fashionable young woman intent on enjoying herself and flouting conventional standards of behavior. -Then World War I started. The young men of the world were being used as cannon fodder for an older generation's ideals and mistakes. -The attrition rate in the trenches left few with the hope that they would survive long enough to return home. -The young soldiers found themselves inflicted with an "eat-drink-and-be-merry-for-tomorrow-we-die spirit. -"1 Far away from the society that raised them and faced with the reality of death, many searched extreme life experiences before they entered the battlefield.

-Sigmund Freud was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis -a clinical method for treating psychopathology through dialogue between a patient and a psychoanalyst. -Freud's many theories including those about "psychic energy," the Oedipus complex and the importance of dreams were no doubt influenced by other scientific discoveries of his day. - Charles Darwin's understanding of humankind as a progressive element of the animal kingdom certainly informed Freud's investigation of human behavior. -Additionally, the formulation of a new principle by Helmholtz, stating that energy in any given physical system is always constant, informed Freud's scientific inquiries into the human mind.

-the generation reaching maturity during and just after World War I, a high proportion of whose men were killed during those years. -an unfulfilled generation coming to maturity during a period of instability. -The generation was "lost" in the sense that its inherited values were no longer relevant in the postwar world and because of its spiritual alienation from a U.S. that, basking under Pres. -Warren G. Harding's "back to normalcy" policy, seemed to its members to be hopelessly provincial, materialistic, and emotionally barren.

-Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald, known professionally as F. Scott Fitzgerald, was an American novelist and short story writer, whose works illustrate the Jazz Age. -Fitzgerald was commissioned a second lieutenant in the infantry and assigned to Camp Sheridan outside of Montgomery, Alabama. -It was there that he met and fell in love with a beautiful 18-year-old girl named Zelda Sayre, the daughter of an Alabama Supreme Court judge. -The war ended in November 1918, before Fitzgerald was ever deployed, and upon his discharge he moved to New York City hoping to launch a career in advertising lucrative enough to convince Zelda to marry him. -He quit his job after only a few months, however, and returned to St. Paul to rewrite his novel.

-Ernest Miller Hemingway was an American novelist, short story writer, and journalist. -His economical and understated style had a strong influence on 20th-century fiction -while his life of adventure and his public image influenced later generations. -In 1954, he won the Nobel Prize in Literature. Even at this peak of his literary career, though, the burly Hemingway's body and mind were beginning to betray him. -Recovering from various old injuries in Cuba, Hemingway suffered from depression and was treated for numerous conditions such as high blood pressure and liver disease. -He wrote A Moveable Feast, a memoir of his years in Paris, and retired permanently to Idaho. -There he continued to battle with deteriorating mental and physical health.

-Most radio historians asert that radio broadcasting began in 1920 with the historic broadcast of KDKA. -Few people actually heard the voices and music which were produced because of the dearth of radio receivers at that time. -The public, however, was overcome by a radio craze after the initial broadcast. Radio became a product of the mass market. -Manufacturers were overwhelmed by the demand for receivers, as customers stood in line to complete order forms for radios after dealers had sold out. -Between 1923 and 1930, 60 percent of American families purchased radios. -Families gathered around their radios for night-time entertainment. -As radio ownership increased, so did the number of radio stations. -In 1920, KDKA was not actually the only operating radio station, but it remains a benchmark in most accounts. And by 1922, 600 radio stations had sprung up around the United States. -Chicago's first radio station, KYW, begun in 1921 by Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company, was the first specialized radio station, broadcasting exclusively opera six days a week. -The radio station experienced immediate popularity and continued to be a favorite in Chicago. -After the opera season ended, the station owners saw the need to diversify their programming. -They began broadcasting things like popular music, classical music, sporting events, lectures, fictional stories, newscasts, weather reports, market updates, and political commentary. -Radio stations like KYW enhanced a sense of community among different ethnic groups as each group could listen to programming suited to their interests and needs.

-The phonograph is a device invented in 1877 for the mechanical recording and reproduction of sound. -In its later forms it is also called a gramophone -The next time you listen to a favorite album, you can thank Thomas Edison for discovering the secret to recording sound. -Before there were CD players and tape decks, there was the phonograph. -August 12, 1877 is the date popularly given for Thomas Edison's completion of the model for the first phonograph. -Edison was trying to improve the telegraph transmitter when he noticed that the movement of the paper tape through the machine produced a noise resembling spoken words when played at a high speed.

-Marcus Mosiah Garvey, Jr., ONH, was a Jamaican political leader, publisher, journalist, entrepreneur, and orator who was a proponent of the Pan-Africanism movement, to which end he founded the Universal -By 1919, Marcus Garvey and U.N.I.A. had launched the Black Star Line, a shipping company that would establish trade -commerce between Africans in America, the Caribbean, South and Central America, Canada and Africa. -At the same time, Garvey started the Negros Factories Association -a series of companies that would manufacture marketable commodities in every big industrial center in the Western hemisphere and Africa.

-a type of music of black American origin characterized by improvisation, syncopation, and usually a regular or forceful rhythm, emerging at the beginning of the 20th century. -Brass and woodwind instruments and piano are particularly associated with jazz, although guitar and occasionally violin are also used -styles include Dixieland, swing, bebop, and free jazz. -Jazz can express many different emotions, from pain to sheer joy. -In jazz, you may hear the sounds of freedom-for the music has been a powerful voice for people suffering unfair treatment because of the color of the skin, or because they lived in a country run by a cruel dictator.

-Louis Armstrong, nicknamed Satchmo or Pops, was an American trumpeter, composer, singer -occasional actor who was one of the most influential figures in jazz. -Armstrong returned home in May 1971, and though he soon resumed playing again -promised to perform in public once more, he died in his sleep on July 6, 1971, at his home in Queens, New York.

-Bessie Smith was an American blues singer. -Nicknamed the Empress of the Blues, she was the most popular female blues singer of the 1920s and 1930s. -Over the next few years, Smith continued to perform. -However, on September 26, 1937, Smith was en route to a show in Memphis, Tennessee with her companion of many years, Richard Morgan, when he sideswiped a truck and lost control of their car. -Smith was thrown from the vehicle and badly injured. She died of her wounds in a Clarkdale, Mississippi hospital. She was 43. -Smith's funeral was held in Philadelphia a week later, with thousands coming to pay their respects. -She was buried in Mount Lawn Cemetery in Sharon Hill, Pennsylvania.

-The Harlem Renaissance was a cultural, social, and artistic explosion that took place in Harlem, New York, spanning the 1920s. -During the time, it was known as the "New Negro Movement," named after the 1925 anthology by Alain Locke. -The Harlem Renaissance influenced future generations of black writers, but it was largely ignored by the literary establishment after it waned in the 1930s. -With the advent of the civil rights movement, it again acquired wider recognition. -The intent of the movement, however, was not political but aesthetic. -Any benefit a burgeoning black contribution to literature might have in defraying racial prejudice was secondary to, as Langston Hughes put it, the "expression of our individual dark-skinned selves."

-Festus Claudius "Claude" McKay was a Jamaican-American writer and poet, who was a seminal figure in the Harlem Renaissance. -McKay went through several changes toward the end of his life. -He embraced Catholicism, retreating from Communism entirely, and officially became an American citizen in 1940. -His experiences working with Catholic relief organizations in New York inspired a new essay collection, Harlem -Negro Metropolis, which offers observations and analysis of the African-American community in Harlem at the time. -McKay died of a heart attack in Chicago, Illinois, on May 22, 1948.

-James Mercer Langston Hughes was an American poet, social activist, novelist, playwright, and columnist from Joplin, Missouri. -He was one of the earliest innovators of the then-new literary art form called jazz poetry. -Over the next two decades, Hughes would continue his prolific output. -In 1949 he wrote a play that inspired the opera Troubled Island and published yet another anthology of work, The Poetry of the Negro. -During the 1950s and 1960s, he published countless other works, including several books in his "Simple" series - English translations of the poetry of Federico García Lorca and Gabriela Mistral, another anthology of his own poetry -the second installment of his autobiography, I Wonder as I Wander.

-Zora Neale Hurston was an African-American novelist, short story writer, folklorist, and anthropologist. -A few years later, Hurston had suffered several strokes and was living in the St. Lucie County Welfare Home. -The once-famous writer and folklorist died poor and alone on January 28, 1960, and was buried in an unmarked grave in Fort Pierce, Florida. -More than a decade later, another great talent helped to revive interest in Hurston and her work -Alice Walker wrote about Hurston in the essay "In Search of Zora Neale Hurston," published in Ms. magazine in 1975. -Walker's essay helped introduce Hurston to a new generation of readers, and encouraged publishers to print new editions of Hurston's long-out-of-print novels and other writings. In addition to Walker -Hurston heavily influenced Gayl Jones and Ralph Ellison, among other writers.