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Alexis de Tocqueville

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Came from France to America in 1831, observed democracy in government and society. His book discusses the advantages and disadvantages of democracy and consequences of the majority's unlimited power. First to raise topics of American practicality over theory, the industrial aristocracy, and the conflict between the masses and individuals.

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John Quincy Adams

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Secretary of State, He served as sixth president under Monroe. In 1819, he drew up the Adams-Onis Treaty in which Spain gave the United States Florida in exchange for the United States dropping its claims to Texas. The Monroe Doctrine was mostly Adams' work.

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Whigs

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conservatives and popular with pro-Bank people and plantation owners. They mainly came from the National Republican Party, which was once largely Federalists. They took their name from the British political party that had opposed King George during the American Revolution. Their policies included support of industry, protective tariffs, and Clay's American System. They were generally upper class in origin. Included Clay and Webster

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Democrats

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their philosophy war the stamp of Andrew Jackson, believing the federal government should be limited in power, except to a degree that it worked to eliminate social and economic arrangements that entrenched privilege and stifled equal opportunity.

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suffrage

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a legal right guaranteed by the 15th amendment to the US constitution

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Majority

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the property resulting from being or relating to the greater in number of two parts

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Caucus

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meet to select a candidate or promote a policy

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Nominating convention

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an official public meeting of a party to choose candidates for office

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King Andrew

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a nickname given to Andrew Jackson by his opponents because he was quick to lose his temper and dealt with his enemies harshly

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Nicholas Biddle

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President of the Second Bank of the United States; he struggled to keep the bank functioning when President Jackson tried to destroy it.

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spoils system

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the system of employing and promoting civil servants who are friends and supporters of the group in power

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Kitchen cabinet

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Jackson's group of unofficial advisors consisting of newspaper editors and Democratic leaders that met to discuss current issues. Jackson used the Kitchen Cabinet more than his official Cabinet.

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tariff of Abominations

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The bill favored western agricultural interests by raising tariffs or import taxes on imported hemp, wool, fur, flax, and liquor, thus favoring Northern manufacturers. In the South, these tariffs raised the cost of manufactured goods, thus angering them and causing more sectionalist feelings.

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Nullification Act

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act passed by South Carolina that declared the 1832 tariff illegal

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Indian removal act

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Passed in 1830, authorized Andrew Jackson to negotiate land-exchange treaties with tribes living east of the Mississippi. The treaties enacted under this act's provisions paved the way for the reluctant—and often forcible—emigration of tens of thousands of American Indians to the West.

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trail of tears

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The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles (1,287 km)-to the Indian Territory. More than 4, 00 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey.

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Seminole war

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conflict that began in florida in 1817 between the seminole indians and the us army when the seminoles resisted removal

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states rights

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the belief that an individual state may restrict federal authority

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nullification

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the act of nullifying

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secede

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to leave or withdraw

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depression

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a long-term economic state characterized by unemployment and low prices and low levels of trade and investment

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mudslinging

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attempt to ruin an opponent's reputation with insults

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1820

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A growing spirit of equality spreads through the nation. As President, Andrew Jackson suppprts the interests of the common man

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1824

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Simon Bolivar becomes dictator of Peru

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1830

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Indian Removal Act

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1829

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Swiss adopt universal male suffrage

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1832

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Jackson vetoes extension of the Bank of the United States charter

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1832

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the reform act doules the number of eligible voters in britian

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1836

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2nd seminole war begins

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1837

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Canadian coloists revolt and demand democratic reform

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How did political parties reflect the growing spirit of equality?

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Wealthy European visitors to the United States were surprised that American servants expected to be treated as equals. Others were amazed that butlers and maids refused to be summoned with bells, as in Europe.

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Why di andrew jackson feel that the election of 1824 was unfair?

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Jackson won the popular vote, but no candidate won a majority, or more than half, of the electoral votes. As a result, the House of Representatives had to choose the President from among the top three candidates. Because he finished fourth, Clay was out of the running. As Speaker of the House, though, he was able to influence the results.

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What programs did Adams prpose that made him unpopular?

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Adams knew that the election had angered many Americans. To "bring the whole people together," he pushed for a program of economic growth through internal improvements. His plan backfired, however, and opposition to him grew.

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dose a man become wiser, stronger, or more virtuous and patriotic because he has a fine house

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Most Americans knew Andrew Jackson for his military victories in the War of 1812. He was the "Hero of New Orleans." He also earned the nickname "Old Hickory" after a soldier said that he was "tough as hickory." Although he was a landowner and a slave owner, many saw him as a man of the people. Jackson had been born in a log cabin, and his parents were poor farmers. He was admired by small farmers and others who felt left out of the growing economy in the United States.

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Write a paragraph in which you agree or disagree with John Quincy Adams's position that government should spend money to support the arts and sciences. Explain your answer.

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I agree with john quincy adams because he was a strong leader and knew what the people wanted and needed

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Why was Andrew Jackson called a self-made man?

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Although he was lean, he was a strong fighter. A friend who wrestled with him recalled, "I could throw him three times out of four, but he would never stay throwed."

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Explain the impact of Andrew Jackson's election on the spoils system.

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In 1828, President Jackson knew that Americans wanted change. "The people expected reform," he said. "This was the cry from Maine to Louisiana."

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Why did Jackson veto the bill to extend the charter of the Bank of the United States?

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In an angry message to Congress, Jackson vetoed the Bank bill. He gave two reasons for his veto. First, he declared the Bank unconstitutional, even though the Supreme Court had ruled in the Bank's favor. Jackson believed that only states, not the federal government, had the right to charter banks. Second, Jackson felt that the Bank helped aristocrats at the expense of the common people. He warned:

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Review the Main Idea statement at the beginning of this section. Then, analyze the characteristics that made Andrew Jackson a strong leader.

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Like many who admired him, Jackson was born in a log cabin on the frontier. His parents had left Ireland to settle in the Carolinas. Both died before Jackson was 15. Young Andrew had to grow up quickly.

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Why might one argue that Jackson was not serving democracy with the spoils system? Write your answer in a paragraph

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A Jackson supporter explained the system another way. "To the victor belong the spoils," he declared. Spoils are profits or benefits. From then on, the practice of rewarding supporters with government jobs became known as the spoils system.

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Why did South Carolina pass the Nullification Act?

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Anger against the tariff increased in the South. Congress passed a new tariff in 1832 that lowered the rate slightly. South Carolina was not satisfied. It passed the Nullification Act, declaring the new tariff illegal. It also threatened to secede, or withdraw, from the Union if challenged. Jackson was furious. He knew that nullification could lead to civil war.

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How did the Indian Removal Act affect Native Americans?

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Jackson took a firm stand on another key issue. It affected the fate of Native Americans. Since the early colonial era, white settlers had forced Native Americans off their land. Indian leaders like Pontiac and Tecumseh had failed to stop the invasion of white settlers.

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What hardships did citizens face during the Panic of 1837?

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Two months after taking office, Van Buren faced the worst economic crisis the nation had known. It was called the Panic of 1837. The panic had several causes. During the 1830s, the government sold millions of acres of public land in the West. Farmers bought some land, but speculators bought even more, hoping to earn huge profits. To pay for the land, speculators borrowed money from state banks. After the Bank of the United States closed, the state banks could lend money without limit. To meet the demand for loans, state banks printed more and more paper money. Often, the paper money was not backed by gold or silver.

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Describe some of the campaign tactics Democrats and Whigs used in the election of 1840.

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Although Van Buren lost support, the Democrats chose him to run for reelection in 1840. The Whigs chose William Henry Harrison of Ohio. Harrison was known as the hero of the Battle of Tippecanoe. To run for Vice President, the Whigs chose John Tyler.

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What do you think President Van Buren could have done to ease the economic crisis in 1837?

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Many Americans blamed President Van Buren and his policies for the economic depression. Van Buren believed in laissez faire—the idea that government should play as small a role as possible in the nation's economic affairs. His limited actions did little to help the economy. He tried to set up a more stable banking system. He also cut back on government expenses. Still, the depression wore on and criticism of Van Buren increased.

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Review the Main Idea statement at the beginning of this section. Then, answer the following question in a paragraph. Why do you think Andrew Jackson supported states' rights in the case of the Native Americans but not in the Nullification Crisis?

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Andrew suppprted this because he thought that the people would agree with his choice and understand his position

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