Chapter 11: Music and Speech Production – Flashcards

The psychological aspect of sound related mainly to perceived frequency.

The interval between two sound frequencies having a ratio of 2:1

A sound quality corresponding to the level of pitch. Tone height is monotonically related to frequency.

A sound quality shared by tones that have the same octave interval.

A combination of three or more musical notes with different pitches played simultaneously.

A sequence of notes or chords perceived as a single coherent structure.

The perceived spread of the presentation of sounds.

Any deviation from a regular rhythm.

The airway above the larynx used for the production of speech. The vocal tract includes the oral tract and nasal tract.

The process through which vocal folds are made to vibrate when air pushes out of the lungs.

The act or manner of producing a speech sound using the vocal tract.

A resonance of the vocal tract. Formants are specified by their center frequency and are denoted by integers that increase with relative frequency.

In sound analysis, a three-dimensional display that plots time on the horizontal axis, frequency on the vertical axis, and amplitude (intensity) on a color or gray scale.

The phenomenon in speech whereby attributes of successive speech units overlap in articulatory or acoustic patterns.

For speech as well as other complex sounds and images, the phenomenon by which the discrimination of items is no better than than the ability to label items.

an x-ray of the brain, usually involving replacement of some cerebrospinal fluid by air or other gas that circulates to the brain's ventricular spaces and acts as a contrast medium.

The vocal tract is the airway above the larynx used for production of speech. It includes the oral tract and nasal tract. The three basic components to the production of speech are respiration (lungs), phonation (vocal cords), and articulation (vocal tract). The rate at which vocal folds vibrate depends on their stiffness and mass.

Cultural differences might affect our perception of music in that people from various cultures can hear musical notes in different ways. For instance, the Javanese have fewer notes within an octave, and there is greater variation in a note's acceptable frequencies. On the other hand, western cultures learn to perceive music using octaves that have more notes within them. This difference affects the perception of music in general.

We as humans are unique in our use of tongue, lips, and other movable parts of the speech mechanism. The first act of speech is breathing, in which you get air into a storage chamber; second is phonation, the process by which you force air into vibration by the action of the vocal folds; third, resonation, in which your mouth,nose and throat cavities amplify the sound so you can hear it; and finally there is articulation, in which you modify the sound by movement of the teeth, tongue, and lips into recognizable patterns. There are only forty-four sounds to master, and as young child you started making them by mastering simple sounds which you later articulated into repetitive sound combinations and then words.

*Broca (1861) describes how damage to left frontal lobe profoundly impairs speech production. *In 1870's WERNICKE describes individuals language perception deficits in patients with left posterior injury, infers connections with Broca's area.

Chimpanzee's very limited ability to produce speech (vicki: mama, papa, cup and up) thought somewhat better at sign language (washoe and others) *Humans have physiological adaptations for speech production and neurological adaptations for speech and language. *Genetic differences between humans and chimps is 1/10 that between mice and rats. *Communication is a huge advantage Memes venus genes.

*Broca's a region of the brain concerned with the production of speech, located in the cortex of the dominant frontal lobe. Damage in this area causes Broca's aphasia, characterized by hesitant and fragmented speech with little grammatical structure. *Wernickes a region of the brain concerned with the comprehension of language, located in the cortex of the dominant temporal lobe. Damage in this area causes Wernicke's aphasia, characterized by superficially fluent, grammatical speech but an inability to use or understand more than the most basic nouns and verbs.

Musical pitch has two dimensions: tone height and tone chroma. Musical notes are combined to form chords. Notes and chords vary in duration and combined to form melodies.

It is suggested that the infants in the study learned the words by being sensitive to the statistics of the sequences of sounds that they had heard in the first part of the experiment. Infants learn to pick words out of the speech stream by accumulating experience with sounds that tend to occur together; these are words (at least to babes).