chapter 10,11,12 – Flashcards
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secretary of state
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henry knox
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United States diplomat and jurist who negotiated peace treaties with Britain and served as the first chief justice of the United States Supreme Court (1745-1829)
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john jay
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3rd President of the United States who was leader of den/rep party
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thomas jefferson
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1789-1795; First Secretary of the Treasury. He advocated creation of a national bank, assumption of state debts by the federal government, and a tariff system to pay off the national debt. leader of fed party
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alexander hamilton
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powers not specifically mentioned in the constitution
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implied powers
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a tax on the production or sale of a specific good
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excise tax
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a statement of fundamental rights and privileges (especially the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution)
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bill of rights
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WHO:Jefferson, Hamilton, Knox, Adams, Washington WHAT: Sec. of State: Jefferson Treasury: Hamilton War: Knox V.P: Adams Attorney General: Randolph WHEN:1789 WHERE: Washington DC WHY: 1st cabinet, one of Washington's Precedents
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1st cabinet
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In 1794, farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey, and several federal officers were killed in the riots caused by their attempts to serve arrest warrants on the offenders. In October, 1794, the army, led by Washington, put down the rebellion. The incident showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem, in contrast to the inability of the government under the Articles of Confederation to deal with Shay's Rebellion.
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whiskey rebellion
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rights retained by the people; civil rights not specifically mentions in constution are still your rights
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9th ammendment
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Powers not specifically given to congress (or forbidden from states) belong to states.
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10th ammendment
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party that was Pro French, farmers, strong state governments, low taxes, individual rights, small national government
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jeffersonian republicans
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Congress passed this Act which created the federal-court system. The act managed to quiet popular apprehensions by establishing in each state a federal district court that operated according to local procedures.
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judiciary act of 1789
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French ambassador in America, went around country trying to recruit Americans to fight for French without consent of American government --> kicked out for allowing French warship into Philadelphia, no longer French ambassador in America
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citizen genet
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An insult to the American delegation when they were supposed to be meeting French foreign minister, Talleyrand, but instead they were sent 3 officials Adams called "X,Y, and Z" that demanded $250,000 as a bribe to see Talleyrand.
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xyz affair
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the French foreign minister, whom which three American dipolmats seek to reach an agreement with, they are stopped by the French X, Y, and Z dipolmats and are asked for a bribe to speak with him
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talleyrand
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they would attack merchant ships and expect to be given bribes but americans would do it. US fights them and wins and declares themselves powerful
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barabary pirates
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The idea advanced by Rousseau, Locke, and Jefferson, that government is created by voluntary agreement among the people involved and that revolution is justified if government breaks the compact by exceeding its authority.
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compact theory
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the states'-rights doctrine that a state can refuse to recognize or to enforce a federal law passed by the United States Congress-aka sedition act alien acts
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nullification
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Was made up by John Jay. It said that Britain was to pay for Americans ships that were seized in 1793. It said that Americans had to pay British merchants debts owed from before the revolution and Britain had agreed to remove their troops from the Ohio Valley
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jays treaty
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Agreement which freed America from its alliance with France, forgave French $20 million in damages and resulted in Adams' losing a second term as president
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convention of 1800
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document which proclaimed official neutrality in the war between England and France by washington
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neutrality proclamation of 1793
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Authorized the president to imprison (or deport) any alien from an enemy nation (one the U.S. was fighting), or any alien considered dangerous
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alien acts of 1798
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declared that any treasonable activity, including the publication of "any false, scandalous and malicious writing," was a high misdemeanor, punishable by fine and imprisonment
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sedition acts of 1798
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The U.S. Army defeated the Native Americans under Shawnee Chief Blue Jacket and ended Native American hopes of keeping their land that lay north of the Ohio River
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battle of fallen timbers
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Warned Americans not to get involved in European affairs, not to make permanent alliances, not to form political parties and to avoid sectionalism.
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washington's farewell address
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These stated that a state had the right to declare a law unconstiutional, or nullify a law, within its borders. These were written by Jefferson and Madison to resist the Alien and Sedition Acts
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kentucky and virginia resolutions
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This treaty between the Americans and the Native Americans. In exchange for some goods, the Indians gave the United States territory in Ohio.
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treaty of greenville
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A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans.
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second great awakening
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1800, A literate black slave that lived in the Richmond area launched a large scale slave revolt. Governor Monroe quickly crushed the rebellion.
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gabriel prosser's rebellion
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the fifth President of the United States (1817-1825).His administration was marked by the acquisition of Florida (1819); the Missouri Compromise (1820), in which Missouri was declared a slave state; and the profession of the Monroe Doctrine (1823), declaring U.S. opposition to European interference in the Americas
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james monroe
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Sent on an expedition by Jefferson to gather information on the United States' new land and map a route to the Pacific. They kept very careful maps and records of this new land acquired from the Louisiana Purchase.
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lewis and clark
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Secretary of Treasury to Jefferson who reduced the national debt and balanced the budget.
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albert gallatin
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along with James Monroe, negotiated in Paris for the Louisiana land area; signed a treaty on April 30, 1803 ceding Louisiana to the United States for $15 million
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robert livingston
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American soldier and explorer whom Pikes Peak in Colorada is named. His Pike expedition often compared to the lewis and Clark expedition, mapped much of the southern portion of the Louisianna Purchase
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zebulon pike
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Chief Justice of the Supreme Court appointed by John Adams who created judicial review and was judge of many cases including marbury vs madison
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john marshall
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Jefferson's vice-president, killer of Alexander Hamilton, and plotter of mysterious secessionist schemes against america
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aaron burr
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"Midnight Judge" appointed in the Judiciary Act of 1801. Sued government because he was never appointed, which resulted in Marbury v. Madison and Judicial Review.
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william marbury
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1803 - Led a slave rebellion which took control of Haiti, the most important island of France's Caribbean possessions. The rebellion led Napoleon to feel that New World colonies were more trouble than they were worth, and encouraged him to sell Louisiana to the U.S.
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toussaint L'Overture
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supreme court justice of whom the Democratic-Republican Congress tried to remove in retaliation of the John Marshall's decision regarding Marbury; was not removed due to a lack of votes in the Senate.
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samuel chase
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the right of the supreme court to determine if a law violates the constitution
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judicial review
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charges against a President approved by a majority of the House of Representatives removing him from office
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impeachment
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British practice of taking American sailors and forcing them into military service
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impressment
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The 16 judges that were added by the Judiciary Act of 1801 that were called this because Adams signed their appointments late on the last day of his administration.
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midnight judges
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a law that increased the number of federal judges, allowing President John Adams to fill most of the new posts with Federalists
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judiciary act of 1801
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edicts that closed European ports to foreign shipping unless they stopped first in a British port
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orders in council
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An Incident that took place in 1807 off the coast of Virginia. A royal frigate overhauled a U.S frigate and demanded the surrender of four alleged deserters. The American commander refused the request. The British warship thereupon fired three devastating broadsides at close range killing three Americans and wounding eighteen. Significance: This incident aggravated the Americans and raised tension between the two countries. It also was a major event leading to the war of 1812.
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chesapeake incident
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Case in which the supreme court first asserted the power of Judicial review in finding that the congressional statue expanding the Court's original jurisdiction was unconstitutional
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marbury vs madison
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signed by thomas jefferson in 1807 - stop export of all american goods and american ships from sailing for foreign ports
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embargo act
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territory in western United States purchased from France in 1803 for $15 million
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louisiana purchase
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1809 - Replaced the Embargo of 1807. Unlike the Embargo, which forbade American trade with all foreign nations, this act only forbade trade with France and Britain. It did not succeed in changing British or French policy towards neutral ships, so it was replaced by Macon's Bill No. 2.
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non-intercourse act
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4th President of the United States,, father of the constitution; leading federalist; author of the Bill of Rights
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james madison
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United States commodore who led the fleet that defeated the British on Lake Erie during the War of 1812
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oliver hazard perry
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a famous chief of the Shawnee who tried to unite Indian tribes against the increasing white settlement (1768-1813)
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tecumseh
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United States lawyer and poet who wrote a poem after witnessing the British attack on Baltimore during the War of 1812. The poem later became the Star Spangled Banner.
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francis scott key
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A shawnee indian leader whose brother was Tecumseh
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the prophet
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Govenor of the Indiana territory, that fought against Tecumseh and the Prophet in the battle of Tippecanoe and ninth president
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william henry harrison
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warship which defeated the British Warship Guerriere in 1812 -- called "Old Ironsides"
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USS constitution
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loyalty to a state or section rather than to the whole country
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sectionalism
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William Henry Harrison pushed up the river Thames into Upper Canada and on October 4, 1813, won a victory notable for the death of Tecumseh, who was serving as a brigadier general in the British army. This battle resulted in no lasting occupation of Canada, but weakened and disheartened the Indians of the Northwest.
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battle of thames
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December 24, 1814 - Ended the War of 1812 and restored the status quo. For the most part, territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner. It also set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border.
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treaty of ghent
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Meeting of Federalists near the end of the War of 1812 in which the party listed it's complaints against the ruling Republican Party. These actions were largley viewed as traitorous to the country and lost the Federalist much influence
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hartford convention
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American writer remembered for the stories "Rip Van Winkle" and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow," contained in The Sketch Book (1819-1820).
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washington irving
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He was the fifth President of the United States. He is the author of the Monroe Doctrine. Proclaimed that the Americas should be closed to future European colonization and free from European interference in sovereign countries' affairs. It further stated the United States' intention to stay neutral in European wars
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james monroe
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Wrote numerous sea-stories as well as the historical romances known as the Leather stocking Tales, featuring frontiersman Natty Bumppo. Among his most famous works is the romantic novel The Last of the Mohicans, which many people consider his masterpiece.
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james fennimore cooper
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created the precedent of judicial review; ruled on many early decisions that gave the federal government more power, especially the supreme court
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john marshall
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South Carolina Senator - advocate for state's rights, limited government, and nullification
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john C Calhoun
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Famous American politician and orator. he advocated renewal and opposed the financial policy of Jackson. Many of the principles of finance he spoke about were later incorporated in the Federal Reserve System. Would later push for a strong union.
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daniel webster
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The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers.
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andrew jackson
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Distinguished senator from Kentucky, who ran for president five times until his death in 1852. He was a strong supporter of the American System, a war hawk for the War of 1812, Speaker of the House of Representatives, and known as "The Great Compromiser." Outlined the Compromise of 1850 with five main points. Died before it was passed however.
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henry clay
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British foreign secretary; asked the American minister in London if the United States would band together with the British in a joint declaration renouncing any interest in acquiring Latin American territory, and specifically warning the European dictators to keep their harsh hands off the Latin American republics.
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george canning
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love of country and willingness to sacrifice for it
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nationalism
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A euphemism for slavery and the economic ramifications of it in the American South. The term aimed to explain away the seeming contradiction of legalized slavery in a country whose Declaration of Independence states that "all men are created equal". It was one of the key causes of the Civil War.
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peculiar institution
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a tariff imposed to protect domestic firms from import competition
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protective tariff
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1823, This was a principle of the Monroe Doctrine proclaimed by United States president James Monroe. It stated that the Americas should undergo no further colonization by European powers.
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non-colonization
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federal projects, such as canals and roads, to develop the nation's transportation system
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internal improvements
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Nonintervention was one of the two features located in the Monroe Doctrine. Monroe declared a new policy on foreign intervention. The policy declared that the United States would not become involved in European affairs. Europe would stay out of the Western Hemisphere 1823 as well.
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non-intervention
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Thomas Jefferson (1801-1809), James Madison (1809-1817), James Monroe (1817-1825). All presidents from virginia.
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virginia dynasty
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a policy of nonparticipation in international economic and political relations
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isolationism
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It was a federal establishment operated by the gov't as an attempt to save the welfare of the economy after the War of 1812. It was part of Henry Clay's American System and forced state banks to call in their loans which led to foreclosures and the Panic of 1819.
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2nd bank of the united states
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The state of Maryland taxed banknotes produced by the Bank of the United States, claiming that the Bank was unconstitutional. Using implied powers, Marshall countered that the Bank was constitutional and ruled that Maryland was forbidden from taxing the Bank., Supreme Court ruling: states had no right to interfere with federal institutions within their borders; strengthened federal power
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McCulloch vs Maryland
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This protective tariff helped American industry by raising the prices of British manufactured goods, which were often cheaper and of higher quality than those produced in the U.S.
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tariff of 1816
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This case upheld the Supreme Court's jurisdiction to review the state court's decision where the case involved breaking federal laws.
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cohens vs virginia
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The three-part plan developed by Henry Clay that stressed a strong banking system, protective tariffs, and a network of roads and canals. Clay's plan was essential in developing a profitable home market. This home market enabled America to become a self-sufficient, isolated country,
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the american system
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Supreme court decision that ruled that the constitution gave control of interstate commerce to the U.S. Congress, not the individual states through which a route passed.
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gibbons vs ogden
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Securing funding for roads and canals was hard. This bill was passed by Congress to give states $1.5 million for internal improvements, but it was immediately vetoed by Pres. Madison. In his opinion, he believed states should pay for their own improvements.
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bonus bill of 1817
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Georgia's sale of thirty-five million acres of land was repealed after public protests about its illegitimacy. Marshall ruled the original transaction binding because state governments had not right to "impair," or interfere with, transactions. Example of federal law surpassing state law.
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fletcher vs peck
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A name for President Monroe's two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts.
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era of good feelings
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Treaty between Britain and America, it allowed the Americans to share the Newfoundland fisheries with Canada, and gave both countries a joint occupation of the Oregon Territory for the next 10 years.
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treaty of 1818
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authorized a buyer to purchase 80 virgin acres at a minimum of $1.25 per acre in cash, it also brought about cheap transportation and cheap money
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land act of 1820
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A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere.
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monroe doctrine
