Chapter 10 – Social Psychology – Definitions & Examples – Flashcards

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The scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another.
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Social Psychology
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Deals with the ways in which we think about other people and ourselves.
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Social Cognition
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An evaluative belief that we hold about something.
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Attitude
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Social pressures that serve to modify our thought and/or behavior.
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Social Influence
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The idea that we strive to have attitudes and behaviors that do not contradict one another.
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Cognitive Consistency
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A theory that predicts that we will be motivated to change our attitudes and/or behaviors to the extend that they cause us to feel dissonance, an uncomfortable physical state.
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Dissonance Theory
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A type of social influence in which someone tries to change our attitudes.
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Persuasion
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When people make decisions based upon factual information, logical arguments, and a thoughtful analysis of pertinent details.
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Central Route to Persuasion
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Occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness
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Peripheral Route to Persuasion
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The process by which a person uses behavior and appearance of others to form attitudes about them.
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Impression Formation
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The act of assigning cause to behavior.
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Attribution
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An attribution that assigns the cause of a behavior to the traits and characteristics of the person being judged.
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Trait Attribution
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Assigning the cause of a behavior to environmental factors.
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Situational Attribution
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The tendency to attribute other people's behavior to dispositional (internal) causes rather than situational (external) causes.
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Fundamental Attribution Error
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A culture, like many Western Cultures, in which individual accomplishments are valued over group accomplishments.
Individualistic Culture
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Individualistic Culture
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A culture, like many Asian Cultures, in which group accomplishments are valued over individual accomplishments.
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Collectivistic Culture
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Our tendency to make the fundamental attribution error when judging others, while being less likely to do so when making attributions about ourselves.
Actor/Observer Bias
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Actor/Observer Bias
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People's tendency to ascribe their positive behaviors to their own internal traits, but their failures and shortcomings to external, situational factors.
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Self-Serving Bias
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A preconceived negative judgment of a group and its individual members.
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Prejudice
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A generalized belief about a group of people.
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Stereotype
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The behavioral expression of a prejudice.
Discrimination
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Discrimination
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Consists in avoiding interaction with someone of another race or ethnicity.
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Aversive Racism
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A phenomenon in which fear of being discriminated against elicit stereotype-confirming behaviors.
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Stereotype Threat
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Tendency to favor one's own group over other groups.
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In-Group Bias
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Tendency to view all individuals outside our group as highly similar.
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Out-Group Homogeneity
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The theory that prejudice stems from competition for scarce resources.
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Realistic-Conflict Theory
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An out-group that is blamed for many of society's problems.
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Scapegoat
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The theory that under certain conditions, direct contact between antagonistic groups will reduce prejudice.
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Contact Hypothesis
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A goal that is shared by different groups.
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Superordinate Goal
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Closeness.
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Proximity
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Resemblance.
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Similarity
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Drawn to appealing physical appearance.
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Physical Attractiveness
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The idea that males and females of approximately equal physical attractiveness are likely to select each other as partners.
Matching Hypothesis
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Matching Hypothesis
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Unwritten rule or expectation for how group members should behave.
Norm
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Norm
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Tendency of a group or team to stick together.
Cohesiveness
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Cohesiveness
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Behaving in accordance with group norms.
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Conformity
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The tendency to go along with the group in order to fulfill the group's expectations and gain acceptance.
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Normative Conformity
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Conformity that occurs when conformity pressures actually persuade group members to adopt new beliefs and or attitudes.
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Informational Conformity
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A state in which a person's behavior becomes controlled more by external norms than by the person's own internal values and morals.
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Deindividuation
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Performing better on a task in the presence of others than you would if you were alone.
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Social Facilitation
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Members of a group decrease the pace or intensity of their own work with the intention of letting other group members work harder.
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Social Loafing
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The mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives.
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Groupthink
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A form of compliance that occurs when people follow direct commands, usually from someone in a position of authority.
Obedience
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Obedience
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Yielding to a demand.
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Compliance
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Getting people to agree to a small request, then following up with a larger request.
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Foot-in-the-door Compliance
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Asking people for a big request, and after they refuse ask for something smaller.
Door-in-the-face-Compliance
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Door-in-the-face-Compliance
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The obligation to return in kind what another has done for us.
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Reciprocity
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Increasing compliance by first getting the person to agree to a deal and then changing the terms of the deal to be more favorable to yourself.
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Low Balling
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Before a decision, the person who is persuading you throws in something else (i.e "we'll add in another sham-wow for free if you call right now").
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That's-not-all
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Obedience to immoral, unethical demands that cause harm to others.
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Destructive Obedience
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The use of foot-in-the-door compliance in an obedience situation to get people to obey unceasing demands.
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Slippery Slope
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The degree to which one can disassociate oneself from the consequences of his/her actions.
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Psychological Distance
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Aggression motivated by the desire to obtain a concrete goal.
Instrumental Aggression
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Instrumental Aggression
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Aggression that is meant to cause harm to others.
Hostile Aggression
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Hostile Aggression
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States that we are more likely to respond to others aggressively whenever we are feeling negative emotions, such as being tired, sick, frustrated, or in pain.
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Cognitive Neoassociation Theory
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Behavior that helps others.
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Prosocial Behavior
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Helping someone in trouble with no expectation of reward and often without fear of ones own safety.
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Altruism
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Another term for altruism.
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Helping Behavior
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The tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present.
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Bystander Effect
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The idea that responsibility for taking action is diffused across all the people witnessing an event.
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Diffusion of Responsibility
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The case in which people think that everyone else is interpreting a situation in a certain way, when in fact they are not.
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Pluralistic Ignorance
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