question

gender

answer

the personal traits and social positions that members of a society attach to being female or male

question

gender stratification

answer

the unequal distribution of wealth, power, and privilege between men and women

question

matriarchy

answer

a form of social organization in which females dominate males

question

patriarchy

answer

a form of social organization in which males dominate females

question

sexism

answer

the belief that one sex is innately superior to the other

question

gender roles (sex roles)

answer

attitudes and activities that a society links to each sex

question

minority

answer

any category of people distinguished by physical or cultural difference that a society sets apart and subordinates

question

intersection theory

answer

analysis of the interplay of race, class, and gender, often resulting in multiple dimensions of disadvantage

question

sexual harassment

answer

comments, gestures, or physical contacts of a sexual nature that are deliberate, repeated, and unwelcome

question

feminism

answer

support of social equality for women and men, in opposition to patriarchy and sexism

question

Gender

answer

________ refers to the meaning a culture attaches to being female or male.

question

True

answer

T/F Evidence that gender is rooted in culture includes global comparisions by Margaret Mead and others showing how societies define what is feminine and masculine in various ways.

question

True

answer

T/F Gender is not only about difference: Because societies give more power and other resources to men than to women, gender is an important dimension of social stratification.

question

Sexism

answer

__________ is built into the operation of social institutions.

question

True

answer

T/F Although some degree of patriarchy is found almost everywhere, it varies throughout history and from society to society.

question

gender identity, gender roles

answer

Through the socialization process, gender becomes part of our personalities (_________) and our actions (________).

question

True

answer

T/F All the major agents of socialization- family, peer groups, schools, and the mass media- reinforce cultural definitions of what is feminine and masculine.

question

True

answer

T/F Gender stratification shapes the workplace.

question

False (42%)

answer

T/F A majority of women are now in the paid labor force, but 89% hold clerical or service jobs.

question

False (78%)

answer

Comparing full-time U.S. workers, women earn 25% as much as men.

question

True

answer

T/F Gender difference in earnings results from diffeence in jobs, differences in family responsibilities, and discrimination.

question

True

answer

T/F Gender stratification shapes family life.

question

True

answer

T/F Gender stratification shapes education.

question

False (Does)

answer

T/F Gender statification does not shape politics.

question

True

answer

T/F Until a century ago, almost no women held elected office in the United States.

question

False (increased)

answer

T/F In recent decades, the number of women in politics has decreased significantly.

question

True

answer

T/F The vast majority of elected officials, especially at the national level, are men.

question

False (15%)

answer

T/F Women make up only about 5% of U.S. military personnel.

question

Intersection Theory

answer

_________ ___________ investigates the intersection of race, class, and gender, factors that combine to cause special disadvantages to some categories of people.

question

False (greater)(less)

answer

T/F Women of color encounter less social disadvantages than white women and earn much more than white men.

question

True

answer

T/F Because all women have a distinctive social identity and are disadvantaged, they are a minority, although most white women do not think of themselves this way.

question

True

answer

T/F Violence against women and men is a widespread problem that is linked to how a society defines gender.

question

Sexual harassment

answer

______ _________ , which mostly victimizes women because our culture encourages men to be assertive and to see women in sexual terms.

question

Pornography

answer

___________, which portrays women as sexual objects. Many see this as a moral issue; because it dehumanizes women, it is also a power issue.

question

Structural-functional approach

answer

______ ________ _______ suggests that in preindustrail societies, distinctive roles for males and females reflect biological differences between the sexes.

question

Talcott Parsons

answer

________ ________ described gender differences in terms of complementary roles that promote the social integration of families and society as a whole.

question

Social-conflict approach

answer

________ _______ _______ suggests that gender is an important dimension of social inequality and social conflict.

question

Social-conflict approach

answer

_________ _________ _______ suggests that gender inequality benefits men and disadvantages women.

question

Feminism

answer

__________ endorses the social equality of women and men and opposes patriarchy and sexism.

question

Feminism

answer

________ seeks to eliminate violenceagainst women.

question

Feminism

answer

__________ advocates giving women control over their reproduction.

question

Liberal feminism, socialist feminism, and radical feminism.

answer

There are three types of feminism:

question

Liberal feminism

answer

_________ ________ seeks equal opportunity for both sexes within the existing society.

question

Socialist feminism

answer

_________ ________ claims that gender equality will come about by replacing capitalism with socialism.

question

Radical feminism

answer

________ ________ seeks to eliminate the concept of gender itself and to create an egalitarian and gender-free society.

question

True

answer

T/F Today, only 20% of U.S. adults say they oppose feminism and most of the opposition is directed toward socialist and radical feminism.

question

True

answer

T/F Support for liberal feminism is widespread.

question

D. All of the above are correct

answer

Gender is not just a matter of difference but also a matter of: A. power B. wealth C. prestige D. All of the above are correct

question

C. what is feminine in one society may be masculine in another.

answer

The anthropologist Margaret Mead studied gender in three societies in New Guinea and found that A. all societies define femininity in much the same way. B. all societies define masculinity in much the same way. C. what is feminine in one society may be masculine in another. D. the meaning of gender is changing everywhere toward greater equality.

question

D. All of the above are correct

answer

For all of us raised in U.S. society, gender shapes our A. feelings B. thoughts C. actions D. All of the above are correct

question

A. women to believe that their personal importance depends on their looks.

answer

There is a \"beauty myth\" in U.S. society that encourages A. women to believe that their personal importance depends on their looks B. beautiful women to think they do not need men C.men to improve their physical appearance in order to attract women. D. women to think the are as physically attractive as today's men.

question

B. 59 percent

answer

In the United States, what share of women work for income? A. 79 percent B. 59 percent C. 39 percent D. 19 percent

question

C. women are still concentrated in several types of jobs

answer

In the U.S. labor force, A. men and women have the same kinds of jobs B. men and women earn the same pay. C. women are still concentrated in several types of jobs D. a majority of working women hold \"pink-collar\" jobs.

question

D. All of the above are correct

answer

For which of the following categories of people in the United States is it true that women do more housework than men? A. people who work for income B. people who are married C. people who have children D. All of the above are correct

question

A. 78 cents

answer

In the United States, women in the labor force working full-time earn how much for every dollar earned by men working full-time? A. 78 cents B. 86 cents C. 97 cents D. 99 cents

question

B. 16 percent

answer

Before the 2008 elections, women held about what percentage of seats in congress? A. 6 pecent B. 16 percent C. 36 percent D. 56 percent

question

B. liberal feminism

answer

Which type of feminism accepts U.S. society as it is but wants to give women the same rights and opportunities as men? A. socialist feminism B. liberal feminism C. radical feminism D. All of the above are correct.

question

hierarchy

answer

Gender involves __________, placing men and women in different positions in terms of power, wealth, and other resources.

question

True

answer

T/F Gender affects the opporrtunities and constraints we face throughout our lives.

question

Gender

answer

__________ is a dimension of social organization, shaping how we interact with others and even how we think about ourselves.

question

True

answer

T/F Many people think there is something \"natural\" about gender distinctions because biology does make one sex different from the other.

question

True

answer

T/F In 1848, women were denied the vote because many people assumed that women did not have enough intelligence or interest in politics.

question

cultural patterns

answer

Such attitudes about women voting (1848) had nothing to do with biology; they reflected the _________ _________ of that time and place.

question

True

answer

T/F Most differences between men and women turn out to be socially created.

question

75.2, 80.4

answer

Women out perform men in the ultimate game of life itself: Life expectancy for men is _____ years, and women can expect to live ________ years.

question

matriarchy

answer

\"rule by mothers\"

question

patriarchy

answer

\"rule by fathers\"

question

sexism

answer

The justification for patriarchy is __________.

question

Institutional sexism

answer

______ _______is found throughout the economy, with women highly concentrated in low-paying jobs.

question

True

answer

T/F Sexism limits the talents and the ambitions of the half of the human population who are women.

question

D. All of the above

answer

Masculinity in our culture encourages men to engage in many high-risk behaviors: A. using tobacco and alcohol B. playing dangerous sports C. driving recklessly D. All the above are high risk behaviors

question

True

answer

T/F Masculinity is linked not only to accidents but also to suicide, violence, and stress-related diseases.

question

Type A personality

answer

marked by chronic impatience, driving ambition, competitiveness, and free-floating hostility- is one cause of heart disease and an almost perfect match with the behavior our culture considers masculine.

question

True

answer

T/F As men seek control over others, they lose opportunities for intimacy and trust.

question

True

answer

T/F Most sociologists believe that gender is socially constructed and can be changed.

question

True

answer

T/F From birth until death, gender shapes human feelings, thoughts, and actions.

question

True

answer

T/F Gender shapes our interests and beliefs about our own abilities, guiding areas of study and, eventually, career choices.

question

False (majority)

answer

T/F Women are still a minority of the students on college campuses across the U.S.

question

decline in farming, growth of cities, shrinking family size, and rising divorce rates, need for dual-income, delaying children, more women in college, more women want to be independent.

answer

Name some of the factors that have contributed to change in the U.S. labor force:

question

Administrative support work, service work

answer

The U.S. Department of Labor (2008) reports a high concentration of women in two types of jobs:

question

secretaries, office workers, receptionist or information clerk

answer

give examples of administrative support work:

question

dental hygienist, dental assistant, child care worker, pre-k or kindergarten teacher

answer

give examples of service work:

question

True

answer

T/F Gender stratification in everyday life is easy to see.

question

\"men's work\"

answer

By defining some kinds of work as _______ ______, society defines women as less competent than men.

question

True

answer

T/F In the coporate world, the higher in the company we look, the fewer women we find.

question

Structural-functional approach

answer

From this point of view, gender serves as a means to organize social life.

question

Social-conflict approach

answer

From this point of view, gender involves differences not just in behavior but in power as well.

Chapter 10: Gender Stratification

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