Chapter 1 – The Main Themes of Microbiology – Flashcards

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What is microbiology?
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The study of microorganisms.
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What are microorganisms or microbes?
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Living things that are too small to be seen without magnification.
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What are microorganisms commonly called?
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Germs, viruses, agents
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Do all microorganisms cause diease?
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NO. Some useful for human life.
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What are the 5 groups of microorganisms?
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Bacteria, algae, protozoa, helminthes and fungi.
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Why are they studied?
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For their link to human diseases.
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Are viruses included in these 5 groups?
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No, own class.
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What are viruses?
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Noncellular, parasitic, protein-coated genetic elements that can infect all living things including other microorganisms.
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Can viruses live outside their host?
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No.
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What is agricultural microbiology?
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Study of plant diseases and pesticides.
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What is biotechnology?
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Using biology to solve everyday problems. Genetically modified food.
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What is Food and Dairy Microbiology?
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Pasteurization. Making food safe.
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What is genetic engineering and recombinant DNA technology?
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Genetically engineered plants/animals for research.
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What is Public Health Microbiology and Epidemiolgy?
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CDC.
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What is immunology?
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The study of the immune system.
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What is Geomicrobiology?
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The study of bacteria in soil and rocks.
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What is Marine Microbiology?
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Study of aquatic life microbiology.
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What is Astromicobiology?
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Study of life on other planets.
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What is Etiology?
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The cause of the disease.
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What is Bacteriology?
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The study of Bacteria.
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What is Phycology?
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The study is algae.
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What is Mycology?
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The study of fungi.
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What is Protozoology?
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The study of protozoa.
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What is virology?
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The study of viruses.
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How are microorganisms used in food?
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Baker's/Brewer's yeast, cheeses, moldy bread on wounds.
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What is Biotechnology?
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When humans manipulate microorganisms to make products in an industrial setting.
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What is Genetic engineering?
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When new products and genetically modified organisms are created.
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What is Recombiant DNA technology?
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It allows microbes to be engineered to synthesize desirable proteins like drugs, hormones and enzymes.
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WHat is Bioremediation?
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When microbes are introduced to the environment to restore stability or clean up toxic pollutants. Oil spills, chemical spills.
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Are microorganisms used in Waste and Sewage treatment?
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Yes.
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All living things are classified into ___ categories.
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3.
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What are the three domains?
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Bacteria (Eubacteria), Archaea (Ancient), Eukarya (Eucarya).
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What category do prokaryotes fall into?
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Bacteria.
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What are the most common shapes of the Bacteria domain?
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Rod shaped (Bacillus), Round (Coccus), and Sprial (Spirillum).
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What are their cell walls composed mostly of?
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Peptidoglycan.
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How do those in the Bacteria domain reproduce?
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Binary Fission AKA asexual splitting
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How do those in the Bacteria domain move?
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Flagella
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Are Bacteria usually single or mutlicelled?
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Single.
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Are those in the Archaea domain medically significant?
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No.
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Are Archaea similar or different to Bacteria in size, shape and appearance?
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Similar.
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Do Archaea reproduce and move the same or differently than Bacteria?
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Same.
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What is the main difference between Archaea and Bacteria?
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Archaea do not have Peptidoglycan in their cell wall.
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Where do Archaea generally live?
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Places of extreme environmental conditions such as the poles, volcanoes..
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Which domain is the largest?
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Eukarya.
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What does domain Eukarya include?
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Every other living organism, both single and multicellular.
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What are carriers? (Subgroups)
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Algae, Fungi, Protozoa, Helminthes, and Insects.
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Does the Algae group have single or multicellular organisms?
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Both.
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Does all Algae contain chlorophyll?
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Yes.
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Where are Algae usually found?
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Near the surface of salt or fresh water.
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Algae have a ____ _____ _____ and move via ____.
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rigid cell wall/flagella.
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Most algae are ___-_____.
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non-motile.
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Is red algae harmful to humans?
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Yes.
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Does the Fungi group contain single or multicellular organisms?
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Both.
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Are there mushrooms that infect the human body?
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No.
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Where are Fungi usually found?
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Land.
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Do they have a metabolism?
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Yes.
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What are Fungi also known as?
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Decomposers.
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Describe Fungi's cell wall.
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Rigid.
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Are Fungi motile?
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NO.
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Where do Fungi get their nutrients from?
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Dead organisms
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All living things are also grouped by their ____ ______.
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cell structure.
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Are Prokaryotic cells metabolically limited?
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No.
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Structurally ________, Metabolically _________.
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Simple/Diverse.
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Do Prokaryotes have a "true nucleus"? What about membrane bound organelles?
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No. No.
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Are Prokaryotes single or multicellular?
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Single celled.
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Members usually have a rigid ____ _____.
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Cell wall.
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All members of both Domain _______ and Domain ________ are prokaryotes
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Archaea and Bacteria
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Are Eukaryotic cells more or less structurally complex than prokaryotes?
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More.
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Are they metabolically more complex or simple than prokaryotes?
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Simple.
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Do Eukaryotic cells possess a true nucleus and membrane bound organelles?
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Yes.
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Are Eurkaryotes single-celled or multicellular?
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Both
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Depending on their kingdom, Eukaryotic cells may or may not have a _____ _____.
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cell wall.
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All members of Domain _____ are Eukaryotes.
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Eukarya.
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What are viruses/viroids/prions?
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Infectuous particles/"Oid" means like.
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Are viruses independently living cellular organisms?
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No.
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Are they simpler or more complex than cells?
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Simpler. They are basically just a small amount of DNA or RNA wrapped in protein and some by a lipid membrane/envelope.
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Individuals are called a...
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Virus particle or virion
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How do they survive?
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They depend on the infected cell's metabolism/machinery to multiply and disperse. They are hijackers.
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Are viroids bigger or smaller than viruses?
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Smaller
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What do viroids consist of?
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A single, short piece of RNA without a protective coat.
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What are viroids confirmed to cause disease in?
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Plants. But they are suspected in causing disease in humans as well.
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Prions are a _______ in the body that we know no reason for having
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protein
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What are Prions? Do they replicate or activate?
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The smallest known infectuous particles. Activate.
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What do Prions consist of?
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They are a small protein without a protective coat.
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What are Prions responsible for?
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Neurodegenerative diseases in humans and animals. Potential cause of alzheimers.
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Who is Robert Hook?
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Provided the earliest record of mircobes in the early 1660's.
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Who coined the term for cells? What latin word does it come from?
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Robert Hook. Cellula or small room.
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Who created the single lens microscope?
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Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
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When did Leeuwenhoek observe and draw the first bacteria?
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1676
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What is Antonie van Leeuwenhoek known as?
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The Father of Bacteriology and Protozoology.
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Who developed the Aeseptic Technique?
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Joseph Lister.
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Who is the Father of Microbiology?
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Louis Pasteur
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What did Pasteur definitively refute?
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The idea of spontaneous generation.
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Pasteur helped clarify the role of microbes in beer and wine making AKA __________.
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Fermentation
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Pasteur invented ________, and _________ vaccine for animals.
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pasteurization and anthrax
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What did Pasteur propose the idea of?
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infectuous particles that are smaller than bacteria called viruses.
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What did Robert Koch develop?
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Postulates - a series of proofs that could be used to establish whether an organism was pathogenic and what disease it caused. Still used today.
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Who was the first to confirm that anthrax was caused by a bacterium (Bacillus Anthracis)?
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Robert Koch
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Who introduced the vaccine for small pox and how was it made? Was this the first vaccine ever made?
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Edward Jenner. Using the Cowpox virus. Yes.
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Who coined the term vaccination?
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Jenner. Referred to Vacinia which is the virus that causes Cowpox.
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Who's work started the field of Immunology?
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Jenner.
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Who founded the world's first Nursing school?
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Florence Nightingale.
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Who discovered penicillin?
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Alexander Flemming.
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Who discovered the structure of DNA?
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James Watson and Francis Crick. (Rosalin Franklin)
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Who developed the first inject-able (dead) polio vaccine?
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Jonas Salk.
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Who developed the first live oral polio vaccine?
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Albert Sabin
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Who discovered Prions and later won a Nobel Prize for his work?
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Stanley Prusiner
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Who isolated and characterized HIV? Who got their Nobel Prize revoked?
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Luc Montagnier and Robert Gallo. Gallo.
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Who devloped the polymerase chain reaction? What does it allow us to do? What is it used in?
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Kary Mullis. To make copies of genetic material. Paternity testing, CSI bullshit.
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Are prions or viroids found in proteins in the body? Do we know the reason for this?
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Prions. No.
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