Chapter 1 – The Main Themes of Microbiology – Flashcards
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| What is microbiology? |
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| The study of microorganisms. |
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| What are microorganisms or microbes? |
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| Living things that are too small to be seen without magnification. |
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| What are microorganisms commonly called? |
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| Germs, viruses, agents |
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| Do all microorganisms cause diease? |
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| NO. Some useful for human life. |
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| What are the 5 groups of microorganisms? |
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| Bacteria, algae, protozoa, helminthes and fungi. |
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| Why are they studied? |
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| For their link to human diseases. |
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| Are viruses included in these 5 groups? |
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| No, own class. |
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| What are viruses? |
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| Noncellular, parasitic, protein-coated genetic elements that can infect all living things including other microorganisms. |
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| Can viruses live outside their host? |
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| No. |
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| What is agricultural microbiology? |
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| Study of plant diseases and pesticides. |
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| What is biotechnology? |
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| Using biology to solve everyday problems. Genetically modified food. |
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| What is Food and Dairy Microbiology? |
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| Pasteurization. Making food safe. |
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| What is genetic engineering and recombinant DNA technology? |
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| Genetically engineered plants/animals for research. |
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| What is Public Health Microbiology and Epidemiolgy? |
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| CDC. |
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| What is immunology? |
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| The study of the immune system. |
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| What is Geomicrobiology? |
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| The study of bacteria in soil and rocks. |
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| What is Marine Microbiology? |
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| Study of aquatic life microbiology. |
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| What is Astromicobiology? |
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| Study of life on other planets. |
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| What is Etiology? |
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| The cause of the disease. |
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| What is Bacteriology? |
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| The study of Bacteria. |
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| What is Phycology? |
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| The study is algae. |
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| What is Mycology? |
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| The study of fungi. |
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| What is Protozoology? |
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| The study of protozoa. |
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| What is virology? |
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| The study of viruses. |
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| How are microorganisms used in food? |
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| Baker's/Brewer's yeast, cheeses, moldy bread on wounds. |
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| What is Biotechnology? |
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| When humans manipulate microorganisms to make products in an industrial setting. |
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| What is Genetic engineering? |
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| When new products and genetically modified organisms are created. |
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| What is Recombiant DNA technology? |
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| It allows microbes to be engineered to synthesize desirable proteins like drugs, hormones and enzymes. |
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| WHat is Bioremediation? |
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| When microbes are introduced to the environment to restore stability or clean up toxic pollutants. Oil spills, chemical spills. |
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| Are microorganisms used in Waste and Sewage treatment? |
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| Yes. |
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| All living things are classified into ___ categories. |
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| 3. |
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| What are the three domains? |
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| Bacteria (Eubacteria), Archaea (Ancient), Eukarya (Eucarya). |
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| What category do prokaryotes fall into? |
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| Bacteria. |
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| What are the most common shapes of the Bacteria domain? |
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| Rod shaped (Bacillus), Round (Coccus), and Sprial (Spirillum). |
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| What are their cell walls composed mostly of? |
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| Peptidoglycan. |
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| How do those in the Bacteria domain reproduce? |
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| Binary Fission AKA asexual splitting |
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| How do those in the Bacteria domain move? |
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| Flagella |
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| Are Bacteria usually single or mutlicelled? |
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| Single. |
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| Are those in the Archaea domain medically significant? |
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| No. |
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| Are Archaea similar or different to Bacteria in size, shape and appearance? |
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| Similar. |
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| Do Archaea reproduce and move the same or differently than Bacteria? |
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| Same. |
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| What is the main difference between Archaea and Bacteria? |
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| Archaea do not have Peptidoglycan in their cell wall. |
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| Where do Archaea generally live? |
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| Places of extreme environmental conditions such as the poles, volcanoes.. |
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| Which domain is the largest? |
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| Eukarya. |
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| What does domain Eukarya include? |
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| Every other living organism, both single and multicellular. |
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| What are carriers? (Subgroups) |
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| Algae, Fungi, Protozoa, Helminthes, and Insects. |
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| Does the Algae group have single or multicellular organisms? |
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| Both. |
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| Does all Algae contain chlorophyll? |
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| Yes. |
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| Where are Algae usually found? |
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| Near the surface of salt or fresh water. |
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| Algae have a ____ _____ _____ and move via ____. |
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| rigid cell wall/flagella. |
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| Most algae are ___-_____. |
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| non-motile. |
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| Is red algae harmful to humans? |
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| Yes. |
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| Does the Fungi group contain single or multicellular organisms? |
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| Both. |
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| Are there mushrooms that infect the human body? |
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| No. |
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| Where are Fungi usually found? |
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| Land. |
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| Do they have a metabolism? |
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| Yes. |
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| What are Fungi also known as? |
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| Decomposers. |
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| Describe Fungi's cell wall. |
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| Rigid. |
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| Are Fungi motile? |
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| NO. |
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| Where do Fungi get their nutrients from? |
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| Dead organisms |
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| All living things are also grouped by their ____ ______. |
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| cell structure. |
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| Are Prokaryotic cells metabolically limited? |
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| No. |
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| Structurally ________, Metabolically _________. |
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| Simple/Diverse. |
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| Do Prokaryotes have a "true nucleus"? What about membrane bound organelles? |
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| No. No. |
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| Are Prokaryotes single or multicellular? |
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| Single celled. |
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| Members usually have a rigid ____ _____. |
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| Cell wall. |
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| All members of both Domain _______ and Domain ________ are prokaryotes |
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| Archaea and Bacteria |
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| Are Eukaryotic cells more or less structurally complex than prokaryotes? |
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| More. |
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| Are they metabolically more complex or simple than prokaryotes? |
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| Simple. |
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| Do Eukaryotic cells possess a true nucleus and membrane bound organelles? |
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| Yes. |
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| Are Eurkaryotes single-celled or multicellular? |
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| Both |
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| Depending on their kingdom, Eukaryotic cells may or may not have a _____ _____. |
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| cell wall. |
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| All members of Domain _____ are Eukaryotes. |
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| Eukarya. |
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| What are viruses/viroids/prions? |
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| Infectuous particles/"Oid" means like. |
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| Are viruses independently living cellular organisms? |
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| No. |
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| Are they simpler or more complex than cells? |
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| Simpler. They are basically just a small amount of DNA or RNA wrapped in protein and some by a lipid membrane/envelope. |
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| Individuals are called a... |
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| Virus particle or virion |
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| How do they survive? |
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| They depend on the infected cell's metabolism/machinery to multiply and disperse. They are hijackers. |
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| Are viroids bigger or smaller than viruses? |
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| Smaller |
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| What do viroids consist of? |
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| A single, short piece of RNA without a protective coat. |
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| What are viroids confirmed to cause disease in? |
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| Plants. But they are suspected in causing disease in humans as well. |
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| Prions are a _______ in the body that we know no reason for having |
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| protein |
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| What are Prions? Do they replicate or activate? |
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| The smallest known infectuous particles. Activate. |
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| What do Prions consist of? |
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| They are a small protein without a protective coat. |
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| What are Prions responsible for? |
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| Neurodegenerative diseases in humans and animals. Potential cause of alzheimers. |
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| Who is Robert Hook? |
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| Provided the earliest record of mircobes in the early 1660's. |
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| Who coined the term for cells? What latin word does it come from? |
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| Robert Hook. Cellula or small room. |
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| Who created the single lens microscope? |
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| Antonie van Leeuwenhoek |
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| When did Leeuwenhoek observe and draw the first bacteria? |
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| 1676 |
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| What is Antonie van Leeuwenhoek known as? |
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| The Father of Bacteriology and Protozoology. |
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| Who developed the Aeseptic Technique? |
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| Joseph Lister. |
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| Who is the Father of Microbiology? |
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| Louis Pasteur |
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| What did Pasteur definitively refute? |
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| The idea of spontaneous generation. |
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| Pasteur helped clarify the role of microbes in beer and wine making AKA __________. |
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| Fermentation |
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| Pasteur invented ________, and _________ vaccine for animals. |
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| pasteurization and anthrax |
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| What did Pasteur propose the idea of? |
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| infectuous particles that are smaller than bacteria called viruses. |
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| What did Robert Koch develop? |
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| Postulates - a series of proofs that could be used to establish whether an organism was pathogenic and what disease it caused. Still used today. |
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| Who was the first to confirm that anthrax was caused by a bacterium (Bacillus Anthracis)? |
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| Robert Koch |
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| Who introduced the vaccine for small pox and how was it made? Was this the first vaccine ever made? |
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| Edward Jenner. Using the Cowpox virus. Yes. |
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| Who coined the term vaccination? |
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| Jenner. Referred to Vacinia which is the virus that causes Cowpox. |
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| Who's work started the field of Immunology? |
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| Jenner. |
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| Who founded the world's first Nursing school? |
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| Florence Nightingale. |
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| Who discovered penicillin? |
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| Alexander Flemming. |
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| Who discovered the structure of DNA? |
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| James Watson and Francis Crick. (Rosalin Franklin) |
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| Who developed the first inject-able (dead) polio vaccine? |
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| Jonas Salk. |
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| Who developed the first live oral polio vaccine? |
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| Albert Sabin |
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| Who discovered Prions and later won a Nobel Prize for his work? |
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| Stanley Prusiner |
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| Who isolated and characterized HIV? Who got their Nobel Prize revoked? |
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| Luc Montagnier and Robert Gallo. Gallo. |
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| Who devloped the polymerase chain reaction? What does it allow us to do? What is it used in? |
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| Kary Mullis. To make copies of genetic material. Paternity testing, CSI bullshit. |
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| Are prions or viroids found in proteins in the body? Do we know the reason for this? |
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| Prions. No. |
