Chapter 1 Review – Flashcards

Simple but effective implements used at the dawn of history were shaped from sharpened flints, oyster shells, or bone. Animal sinew or strips of hide were used to tie the hair back or as adornment. Ancient people used coloring matter on their hair, skin, and nails, and practiced tattooing. Pigments were made from berries, tree bark, minerals, insects, nuts, herbs, leaves, and other materials. African civilization had a variety of hairstyles and they were symbolic of tribal traditions and often conveyed the message of age, martial status, power, and rank. Many tribes dyed the hair with red earth, donned elaborate hairstyles, and wore headdresses as a symbol of their stature. The Egyptians were the first to cultivate beauty in Extravagant fashion and to use cosmetics. A early as 2630 BC Egyptians used minerals, insects, and berries to create makeup and henna. They were also the first civilization to infuse essential oils. Ancient Egyptians are also credited with creating kohl makeup. During the Shang dynasty (1600 BC), Chinese aristocrats rubbed a tinted mixture of gum Arabic, gelatin, beeswax, and egg whites onto their nails to turn them Crimson or ebony; nail tinting was tied to social status.

In almost every early culture, hairstyles indicated social status. Noblemen of ancient Gaul indicated their rank by wearing their hair long. In Ancient Greece, boys would cut their hair upon reaching adolescence, while their Hindu counterparts would shave their heads. The ancient Britons were extremely proud of their long hair. Blond hair was brightened with washes composed of tallow, lime, and the extracts of certain vegetables. Darker hair was treated with dyes extracted and processed from plants, trees, and various soils. The Danes, Angles, and Normans dressed their hair for beautification, adornment, and ornamentation before the battles with the Britons.

Women used beauty masks and packs made from honey, eggs, milk, oatmeal, fruits, vegetables, and other natural ingredients. In 1906, Charles Nessler invented a perming machine, a heavily wired machine that supplied electrical current to the metal rods around which hair strands were wrapped. Marcel grateau (AKA Francois Marcel) invented the first curling iron. An alternative to the machine perm was introduced in 1932 when chemists Ralph I. Evans and Everett G. McDonough pioneered a method that used external heat generated by chemical reaction. Also in 1932, Lawrence Gelb introduced the first permanent hair color product and founded a company called Clairol. I 1985, hairdresser Farouk Sami invented the worlds first ammonia-free hair color. Today, hairstylists have far gentler, no fade hair color, and estheticians can noticeably rejuvenate the face, as well as keep disorders such as sunspots and mild acne at bay.

Education is important to your carers future and it holds the key to individual developments and personal motivation. Hairdressing is an ever-changing profession and education will keep you current with trends, the latest innovations and the newest techniques in this industry, as in most, continuing education not only gives you knowledge and the confidence but it also provides you the best opportunity to advance your career and achieve success.

Hair coloring specialist; artistic director; educational director; texture specialist; haircutting specialist, salon trainer; manufacturer educator; cosmetology instructor; and film, theatrical or editorial stylist.