Chapter 1 Human Anatomy And Physiology Pearson Test Questions – Flashcards
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Anatomy
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The study of body structure
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Physiology
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Study of function
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Gross/Macroscopic Anatomy
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Study of body structure visible to naked eye
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Microscopic Anatomy
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Deals with structures not seen by naked eye
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Cytology
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Form of microscopic anatomy. Considers cells of body
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Histology
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Form of microscopic anatomy. Study of tissues.
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Levels of Structural Organisms
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Chemical Level, Cellular Level, Tissue Level, Organ Level, Organ System, Organismal System
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Tissues
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Groups of similar cells that have common function. For complex organisms
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Basic Tissue Types
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Epithelium, Muscle, Connective tissue, Nervous tissue
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Epithelium
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Tissue which covers body surface and lines its cavities
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Muscle Tissue
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Provides movement
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Connective Tissue
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Supports and protects body organs
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Nervous Tissue
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Provides a way of internal communication by transmitting electrial impulses
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Organ
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Discrete structure composed of 2+ types of tissues
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Necessary Living Fuctions
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Maintaining boundaries, Movement, Responsiveness, Digestion, Metabolism, Excretion, Growth
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Survival Needs
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Nutrients, Oxygen, Normal Body Temperature, Atmospheric Pressure
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Homeostasis
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"Wisdom of the body"/ ability to maintain stable internal conditions/state of balance
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Chemical Level
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Atoms combine to form molecules
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Cellular Level
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Cells are made up of molecules
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Tissue Level
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For complex organisms, consist of similar types of cells
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Organ Level
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Made up of different types of tissues
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Organ System Level
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Different organs that work together for common purpose
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Organismal Level
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Highest level, sum of structural levels working together to promote life
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Integumentary System
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Forms external body covering, protects deep tissues from injury, site of feeling receptors, and sweat oil glands (hair,skin,nails)
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Skeletal System
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Protects and supports body organs, provides frameworks for muscles to cause movement, stores minerals (bones, joints)
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Metabolism
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broad term that includes all chemical reactions that occur within body cells
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Muscular System
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Allows manipulation of environment, facial expression, maintains posture, produces heat (skeletal muscles)
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Lymphatic System
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Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to the blood; Maintains blood volume and pressure, immunity (red bone marrow, thymus, lymphatic vessels, thoracic vessels, spleen, lymph nodes)
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Respiratory
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Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide (nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lung, bronchus)
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Digestive System
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Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells; indigestible foods are eliminated as feces (oral cavity, esophagus, liver, stomach, small intestines, large intestines, rectum, anus)
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Nervous System
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fast-acting control system of the body, it responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands (brain, sensory receptor, spinal cord, nerves)
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Endocrine System
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Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells (pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, thymus, adrenal gland, pancreas, ovary, testis)
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Cardiovascular System
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Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc. The heart pumps blood (blood vessels, heart)
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Urinary System
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Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. Regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance of the blood (Kidney, Ureter, Urinary Bladder, Urethra)
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Male Reproductive System
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Main function is to produce and deliver sperm., Components: testes, vasa deferentia, prostate gland, bulbourethral gland, and peni
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Female Reproductive System
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Composed of mammary glands, ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina
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Sagittal Plane
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Divides body into left and right portion
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Midsagittal/Median Plane
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Sagittal plane that lies exactly in the midline
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Frontal/Coronal Plane
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Lies vertically, divides body into anterior and posterior parts
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Transverse/Horizontal Plane
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Runs horizontally dividing body into superior and interior parts
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Dorsal Body Cavity
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Protects nervous system organs and has 2 subdivisions; cranial cavity and vertebral/spinal cavity
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Cranial Cavity
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Subdivision of dorsal body cavity;in skull, encloses brain
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Spinal Cavity
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Subdivision of dorsal body cavity;Encloses spinal cord
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Ventral Body Cavity
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anterior cavity has two subdivisions; thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity
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Thoracic Cavity
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superior subdivision of ventral body cavity, surrounded by ribs and muscles of chest; subdivided into pleural cavities and mediastinum
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Mediastinum
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subdivision of thoracic cavity, area between lungs; contains the pericardial cavity
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Pericardial Cavity
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Subdivision of mediastinum which encloses the heart and surrounds remaining thoracic organs
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Abdominopelvic Cavity
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Subdivision of ventral body cavity; consist of abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity
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Abdominal Cavity
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Superior portion of abdominopelvic cavity contains stomach, intestines and
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Pelvic Cavity
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Inferior portion of abdominopelvic cavity lies in pelvis; contains reproductive organs, rectum and bladde
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Nose
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Naval
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Cervical
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Neck
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Acromial
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point of shoulder
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Axillary
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armpit
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Brachial
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Arm
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Antecubital
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front of elbow
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Antebrachial
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forearm
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Carpal
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wrist
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Pollex
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thumb
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Palmar
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Palm
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Digital
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fingers and toes
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Patellar
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anterior knee
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Crural
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leg
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Pedal
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foot
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Tarsal
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ankle
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Fibular/Peroneal
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side of leg
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Femoral
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thigh
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Inguinal
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groin
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Coxal
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hip
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Mammary
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Breast
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Thoracic
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chest
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Sternal
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breastbone
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Mental
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chin
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Buccal
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cheek
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Orbital
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eye
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Frontal
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forehead
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Cephalic
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head
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Otic
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ear
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Occipital
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back of head, base of skull
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Acromial
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point of shoulder
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Vertebral
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spinal column
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Scapular
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Shoulder blade
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Dorsum/ Dorsal
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Back
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Olecranal
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back of elbow
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Lumbar
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Loin; lower back side
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Sacral
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area between hips (from back)
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Gluteal
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buttocks
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Perineal
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region between the anus and external genitals
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Popliteal
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back of knee
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Sural
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calf
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Calcaneal
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heel
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Plantar
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sole
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Serosa
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thin double-layered membrane covering ventral body cavity and organs
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Parietal Serosa
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membrane on outside, lining cavity walls
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Visceral Serosa
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membrane on inside, covering organs
