Chapter 1 – Microbiology Questions And Answers – Flashcards
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| Why should we study microbiology? |
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| 1. Microorganisms are apart of the human environment and are therefore important to human health 2. It provides insight into life processes in all life-forms 3. |
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| How are microorganisms useful in research? |
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| 1. Easy to study 2. Large numbers can be easily used so that reliable results can occur 3. Quick generation time allows easy study of genetics |
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| Microbiology |
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| The study of microbes, organisms so small that a microscope is needed to study them. |
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| What organisms are studied in microbiology? |
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| Bacteria, algae, fungi, viruses, protozoa |
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| Bacteria |
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| Single-celled organisms with spherical, rod, or spiral shapes. No cell nucleus, or membrane enclosed structures |
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| Algae |
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| Single-celled organisms, but some marine algae are large, relatively complex, multicellular organisms. Have clearly defined nucleus and membrane enclosed structures. |
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| Fungi |
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| Ex: yeasts, molds, mushrooms etc.. Single-celled microscopic organisms. Cell nucleus and intracellular structures. Important in antibiotics, or agents of disease |
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| Viruses |
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| Acellular entities too small to be seen with a light microscope. Composed of nucleic acid and protein Display properties of life only within a host |
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| Viroids |
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| Nucleic acid without a protein coating Smaller than a virus, acellular agents of disease Have been shown to cause plant diseases |
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| Prions |
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| Protein without any nucleic acid Cause mad cow and related disorders |
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| Protozoa |
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| Single-celled microscopic organisms with at least 1 nucleus and numerous intracellular structures Many are phagocytic, most can move. Those that cause human disease can not move. Found in malaria carrying mosquitoes |
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| Phycology |
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| Study of algae |
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| Mycology |
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| Study of fungi |
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| Microbial metabolism |
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| Chemical reactions that occur in microbes |
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| Microbial genetics |
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| Transmission and action of genetic info in microorganisms |
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| Microbial ecology |
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| Relationship of microbes with each other and with the environment |
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| Immunology |
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| How host organisms defend themselves against microbial infection |
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| Etiology |
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| Cause of disease |
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| How did Mosaic law contribute to medical practices? |
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| They talk about burying solid waste as well as isolation of the lepers |
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| What did Hippocrates contribute to microbiology? |
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| He associated certain signs and symptoms with certain illnesses and saw they could be transmitted from person to person. He also set forth ethical standards for the practice of medicine |
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| Thucydides |
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| Observed those who had recovered from the plague could take care of plague victims without getting sick |
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| Varro |
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| proposed that tiny invisible animals enter the body and caused disease |
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| Lucretius |
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| cited seeds of disease |
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| Robert Hooke |
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| English scientists who built first compound microscope in 1665 and used it to observe thin slices of cork. Coined the term "cell" |
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| Anton van Leeuwenhoek |
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| Dutch cloth merchant and lens maker, made lenses and observed many microorganisms. He called them animalcules. 1670's-1723 when he died |
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| Carolus Linnaeus |
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| Developed classification system for all living organisms |
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| Schleiden and Schwann |
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| Formualted the cell theory: Cells are the fundamental unit of life and carry out all the basic functions of living things |
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| Germ Theory of Disease |
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| Microorganisms can invade other organisms and cause disease. Not widely accepted at first |
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| spontaneous generation |
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| Microorganisms arise from nonliving things |
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| Francesco Redi |
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| Experiment that pieces of meat were covered with gauze so that flies could not reach them, no worms would appear in the mean, no matter how rotten. His proof was not accepted |
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| Lazzaro Spallanzani |
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| Italian cleric and scientist, boiled broth infusions containing living matter and covered flasks to demonstrate that no organisms would develop spontaneously |
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| Louis Paster |
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| Finally defeated the notion of spontaneous generation in his experiment of boiling broth in s shape flasks Developed many vaccines |
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| John Tyndall |
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| English physicist who contributed to disproving of spontaneous generation. Arranged sealed flasks of boiled broth in an airtight box |
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| Koch's Postulates |
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| 1. The specific causative agent must be found in every case of the disease 2. The disease organism must be isolated in pure culture 3. Inoculation of a sample of the culture into a healthy, susceptible animal must produce the same disease 4. The disease organism must be recovered from the inoculated animal |
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| What is the main contribution of Robert Koch? |
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| One organism-one disease concept |
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| Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis of Austria |
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| Recognized a connection between autopsies and puerperal (childbed) fever. Encouraged better sanitation such as washing hands before surgeries but was laughed at. Ironically he died in a hospital due to the same organism that caused puerperal fever. |
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| Joseph Lister of England |
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| Worked to improve sanitation, initiated use of dilute carboxylic acid on bandages and instruments to reduce infection. He was ridiculed as well. Developed "aseptic technique" Father of Antiseptic surgery |
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| Edward Jenner |
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| Realized that milkmaids who got cowpox did not get smallpox. First to ever receive grants for creating smallpox vaccine |
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| Elie Metchnikoff |
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| Pioneer in immunology Discovered and coined "phagocytic" cells |
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| Wendell Stanley |
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| Crystalized TMV showing that an agent with properties of a living organism also behaved as a chemical substance. |
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| Hershey and Chase |
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| Demonstrated that genetic material of some viruses is DNA |
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| Paul Ehrlich |
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| First serious researcher in the field of chemotherapy |
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| Alexander Fleming |
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| 1928 observed that a colony of penicillum mold contaminating a culture of Staphylococcus bacteria had prevented growth of bacteria adjacent to itself |
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| Frederick Griffith |
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| Discovered that previously harmless bacteria could change their own nature and become capable of causing disease. |
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| Avery, McCarty, MacLeod |
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| Change is produced by DNA |
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| Tatum and beadle |
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| Used mold neurospora to demonstrate how genetic info controls metabolism |
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| Barbara McClintock |
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| Discovered that some genes can move from one location to another |
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| Golden Age of Microbiology |
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| 1874-1917 |
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| Bacteriophages |
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| Viruses that attack and kill certain kinds of bacteria |
