chap 12 psychological disorder – Flashcards
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Symptoms that cause distress or impairment
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Axis I
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Psychosocial and environmental problems Parents divorce ex: relationship with girlfriend, unemployment
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Axis IV
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___ are firmly held, unshakable beliefs with no basis in reality and they commonly occur with schizophrenia.
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Delusions
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People with schizophrenia may have ___, the experience of perceiving things that do not actually exist. -can be auditory, visual, tactile, olfactory, or gustatory but all involve sensing something that is not actually there.
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hallucinations
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- Learning theorists interpret phobias as learned fears. - There is a biological component.
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Which of the following are possible causes of phobic disorders?
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People with ___ anxiety disorder worry about work, health and relationships, but also about little things such as weather their clothes fit just right.
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generalized
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Who is more likely to experience major depression - men or women?
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Women
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-Phobic disorder - Generalized anxiety disorder - Post-traumatic stress disorder - Panic disorder -obsessive- compulsive disorder.
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Which of the following are the five types of anxiety disorders?
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True or false: People who experience bipolar disorder tend to alienate others with their talkativeness, inflated self-esteem, and indifference to the needs of others.
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True
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- behavior that is maladaptive. - behavior that is distressful - behavior that is deviant.
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abnormal behavior can be defined in many ways, some of which are
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The ___ perspective involves factors such as interactions between other perspectives
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biopsychosocial
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Cultural ___ provide guidance about how people should behave and what behavior is healthy.
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norms
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An anxiety disorder that takes the form of discrete attacks involving difficulty breathing lasting from a few seconds to as long as several hours is called what?
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Panic disorder
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Andrea has been diagnosed with schizophrenia. She has a persistent delusion that she is the Virgin Mary. What is the best description for her delusion?
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it is a positive symptom.
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- It is disproportionate to the actual danger a person might be in. - It is a diffuse feeling of dread.
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Which of the following is accurate in regard to "anxiety"?
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The ___ approach to psychological disorders attributes them to organic, internal causes.
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biological
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- she is unable to interpret information and make decisions. - She cannot hold information in memory. - She has problems sustaining attention.
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Which of the following cognitive symptoms apply to Sara, who has a diagnosis of schizophrenia?
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Ed's parents were born diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia. Ed had a very stressful childhood and has himself been recently diagnosed. This combination of genetic predisposition and the experience of extreme stress exemplifies which of the following models?
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The diathesis-stress model
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- Problems in neurotransmitters - Extreme environmental stressors - A biological predisposition
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Which of the following can be contributing factors to the development of schizophrenia?
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- he may be interested in Madeleine's family. - he may say that environmental experiences play a role in the creation of psychological disorders
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Madeleine has decided to seek therapeutic services from someone who describes himself as having a "sociocultural perspective." This means that
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- Behavior is abnormal if it produces a sense of distress, anxiety, or guilt in an individual.
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Which of the following best captures the definition of abnormality as a sense of personal discomfort?
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- Problems with memory and conentration - Feeling numb - Flashbacks
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Which of the following symptoms are typical of PTSD?
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As ___ similarity to a person with a diagnosis of schizophrenia increases, so does the person's risk of being diagnosed with schizophrenia.
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genetic
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- Dysthymic disorder - Major depressive disorder
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Which of the following are depressive disorders?
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a well-accepted biological explanation for schizophrenia states that those diagnosed with schizophrenia have a issues with the neurotransmitter ___.
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dopamine
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the term word ___ is used to describe incoherent, loose word associations that sometimes appear in the speech of a person diagnosed with schizophrenia.
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salad
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a state of immobility
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The term "catatonia" refers to:
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a disorder characterized by a set of inflexible, maladaptive behavior patterns that keep a person from functioning appropriate in society
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personality disorder
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drug therapies psychotherapy
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anorexia nervosa may require hospitalization, and feeding tubes, however, there are other forms of treatment:
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is to starvation, whereas, bulimia nervosa is to purging.
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anorexia nervosa
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true
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a mood disorder involves cognitive, behavioral, and somatic symptoms, as well as interpersonal difficulties
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is an eating disorder in which an individual binge-and-purge.
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bulimia nervosa
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is characterized by recurrent patterns of eating large amounts of food during which a person feels a lack of control.
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binge eating disorder
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Alex has to wash his hands many times a day because he fears germs.
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example of a compulsion
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lack of emotion reduced goal-directed behavior
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negative symptoms of schizophrenia
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the perspective or model that suggests when an individual displays symptoms of abnormal behavior, the root cause will be found in a physical examination, which may reveal a hormonal imbalance, a chemical deficiency, or a brain injury.
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medical model or perspective
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heart palpitations, shortness of breath, and faintness.
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panic disorder symptoms
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-it is characterized by disordered thought. - a common cause of relapse is failure to take medications - it is a serious psychological disorder.
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schizophrenia
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establishes the norms by which people evaluate their own behaviors.
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culture
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according to Seligman's (1975) research, when a person encounters an aversive stimulus that they are unable to avoid, they become apathetic.
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learned helplessness theory
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to understanding depression argues that stress of life produce a reduction in positive reinforcers that an lead to major depression.
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behavioral approach
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believe that depression is associated with early loss and grieving, which is then turned inwards. by contrast, the behavioral perspective views depression as the result of a lack of positive reinforcers.
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psychoanalytic perspective
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true
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the links between biology and mood disorders are well established
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prejudice and ____ labels of psychological disorders can be damaging because they may lead to negative stereotypes.
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discrimination
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interferes with one's ability to function in life effectively.
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abnormal maladaptive behavior
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for the past three weeks, Amin has felt lethargic, had problems sleeping and making decisions, lost pleasure and interest in activities he previously enjoyed, and has had feelings of worthlessness. the most likely diagnosis for Amin is
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major depressive disorder
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- their strengths - carry on despite their disorder - confront their disorders.
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individuals with psychological disorders must recognize all of the following to overcome any stigmas
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-there are almost 400 disorders - there are five axes - it is published by the American Psychiatric Association.
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DSM-IV-TR
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the DSM-IV-TR requires a numerical estimate of 0-100 of the level of functioning that a person is experiencing.
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Axis V
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in the most severe form of ___ amnesia, individuals cannot even recall their names.
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dissociative
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is a disorder in which the individual leaves home and sometimes assumes a new identity.
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a dissociative fugue
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- stereotyping and labeling are involved - the reality of stigma prevents people from being open about their struggles the mentally ill are stereotyped as being dangerous.
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a psychological disorder stigmatizing
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people who experience ___ disorder often show a recklessness that produces self-injury-emotionally and sometimes physically
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bipolar
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- Ellie stays up all night and cleans the house - Adam goes on an all day shopping spree and empties his checkbook - Lara called everyone she knows, asking if she can borrow money for her great adventure.
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examples of a manic episode in bipolar disorder
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is defined by one individual exhibiting multiple personalities, each of which has a unique set of likes and dislikes and their own reactions to situations - a person displays characteristics of two or more distinct personalities.
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dissociative identity disorder
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believing that you are a prophet
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example of a delusion related to schizophrenia
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are psychological dysfunctions characterized by the separation of different facets of a person's personality that are normally integrated.
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dissociative disorders
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- to keep disturbing perceptions from reaching conscious awareness - to keep disturbing memories from reaching conscious awareness.
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reason may develop a dissociative disorder
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when we statistically calculate what behaviors are rare in a specific culture and label those deviations from the norm as abnormal.
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what is meant by the definition of abnormality as deviation from the average?
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is a disorder characterized by guiltlessness, law-breaking, exploitation of others, and superficially charming.
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antisocial personality disorder
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- smaller than normal prefrontal cortices - structural problems in prenatal development -enlarged ventricles.
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which of the following are brain structure difference identified through research on the brains of people diagnosed with schizophrenia?
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two out of three college students have thought about suicide on at least one occasion.
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how prevalent is suicidal thought among college students?
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- bulimia nervosa - binge eating -anorexia nervosa
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there are three eating disorders that are the most common
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Ray is a homeless person with a serious drug problem, and both his parents have been diagnosed with schizophrenia (s has Ray). In addition, he had a very difficult upbringing. Ray's situation best exemplifies which theoretical approach to psychological disorders?
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the biopsychosocial
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Caleb has disturbing, intrusive thoughts and then he finds that he must act upon them. the disturbing thoughts are obsessions and the acting upon them are____
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compulsions
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-there a genetic component - there is a depletion of the neurotransmitter serotonin.
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reasons cause of OCD?
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- substance abuse -metal illness -stress
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which of the following are psychological factors that can contribute to suicide?
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is characterized by chronic depression with fewer symptoms than major depressive disorder.
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dysthymic disorder (DD)
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Jamie has been depressed for most days for at least two years, and has had sleep problems, low energy, and low self-esteem. Jamie's diagnosis is most likely:
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dysthymic disorder
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- difficulties in using coping mechanisms -exposure to a traumatic event.
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reasons cause of PTSD
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people with a diagnosis of _____ account for the largest percentage of those hospitalized for mental disorders.
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schizophrenia
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8
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the risk of suicide for a person diagnosed with schizophrenia is ___ times that of general population
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Bonnie has been diagnosed with a personality disorder. her sense of self is unstable and she is often irritable and unpredictable. which of the following personality disorders best describes Bonnie?
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borderline
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Martin has experience a number of unpleasant, uncontrollable events. this lack of control leads him to feeling helpless and depressed.
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which of the following explain cognitive views of depression according to the learned helplessness model of Seligman?
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- there many be distortions in thinking - there may be negative expectations rumination may be involved
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cognitive explanations for mood disorders
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in the case of a _____. the danger posed by an anxiety-producing stimulus is typically small or non-existent but the person sees it as great.
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phobia
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critics complain that the DSM-5 relies too much on the _____ perspective and it treats psychological disorders as if they are such illnesses.
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medical
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-poor standard of living - ethnic and gender variations - poverty -unemployment
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research has identified some socioeconomic factors that are related to the development of depression. what are these factors ?
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was rarely diagnosed before 1980 when, for the first time, it was added as a category in the third edition of the DSM.
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dissociative identity disorder
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- a possible genetic component - therapist suggestion -childhood abuse
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what are the hypothesized "causes" of DID?
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can have only a minor impact on people's lives if the stimulus that triggers the phobia can be easily avoided.
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phobias
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cultural; religious
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reasons for variations in suicide rates include the degree to which there are ____ and ___ norms against it.
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faulty cognitions underlie depressed feelings.
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Aaron Beck's theory regarding mood disorders is based on the idea that
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- genetic factors - low levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin - poor physical health
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biological factors of suicide
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a biochemical explanation of the cause of mood disorders generally focuses on regulation problems in ____
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neurotransmitters
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- people may misinterpret physiological arousal - hormonal factors may be involved - there may be a familial predisposition
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causal explanations for panic disorder
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women; men
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____ are nearly twice as likely as ____ to develop depression
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cross-cultural surveys show that the incidence of major depression varies ___ from one culture to another.
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significantly
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for a phobia there is always a specific identifiable stimulus that causes the anxiety reaction
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how do phobias differ from generalized anxiety disorder?
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- problems in neurotransmitters -extreme environmental stressors - a biological predisposition
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contributing factors to the development of schizophrenia
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having a biological parent who suffers from a mood disorder
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one of the great genetic risks for development a mood disorder is
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- abnormality as the inability to function effectively - abnormality as maladaptive
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an unemployed, homeless woman living on the street may be said to display abnormal behavior, even if she has chosen to live this way. her inability to adapt to the requirements of society is what makes her "abnormal". which definitions of abnormality best explains this ?
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sleep
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one of the most consistent findings of neurobiological abnormalities in individuals with mood disorders is altered brain-wave activity during___
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medical
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when we use terms like "symptoms" "mental illness." and "mental hospitals," we are reflecting the terminology used in the_____ perspective
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failure to adhere to medication regimen
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the most common cause of relapse in people with a diagnosis of schizophrenia is
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multiple personality disorder
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what was dissociative identity disorder previously known as ?
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antisocial personality disorder
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Ed has had numerous involvements with the legal system. he has three children by different women who he has never married. he is currently incarcerated for dealing drugs and has been diagnosed with a personality disorder by the prison psychiatrist. what personality disorder best describes Ed?
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- it is a mental illness -it manifests itself as affecting the way that a person thinks, behaves, and interacts with others.
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reflect the American Psychiatric Association's definition of abnormality?
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-unusual mannerisms -immobile facial expressions -catatonia
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a person with a diagnosis of schizophrenia might display which of the following disturbances of movement?
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a flashback
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Denise was sitting in her office one day when someone went flying past her window and hit the pavement below. since that time, she has been diagnosed with PTSD. Denise relives this traumatic event in her mind many times a day. what is the proper name for her symptom?
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is a sensory experience that occur in the absence of real stimuli -seeing, hearing, smelling, tasting or feeling something in absence of real stimuli
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Hallucinations
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a state of immobility
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the term "catatonia" refers to
