Ch110 Exam 1 – Flashcards
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| metric system |
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A system of measurement used by scientists and most countries of the world. EX. liter, gram, meter, degrees Celsius. |
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| Celsius |
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| A temperature scale on which water has a freezing point of 0° C and a boiling point of 100 °C. |
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| Kelvin |
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| A temperature scale on which the lowest possible temp is 0 K. Water freezes at 273 K and boils at 373 K. |
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| Fahrenheit |
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| The temperature scale on which water freezes at 32° F and boils at 212° F. |
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| meter- m |
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| The metric unit for length that is slightly longer than a yard. The SI standard unit of length. |
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| centimeter- cm |
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| A unit of length in the metric system. 2.54 of these make an inch. |
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| millimeter- mm |
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| A metric unit of length equal to one thousandth (.001) of a meter. |
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| kilometer- km |
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| A metric unit of length equal to one thousand (1000) meters. |
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| gram- g |
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| The metric unit used in measurements of mass. |
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| kilogram- kg |
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| A metric mass of 1000 g, equal to 2.20 lb. The SI standard unit of mass. |
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| milligram- mg |
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| A metric unit of mass equal to one-thousandth (.001) of a gram. |
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| microgram- ug |
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| A metric unit of mass equal to one-millionth (.000001) of a gram. |
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| liter- L |
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| The metric unit for volume that is slightly larger than a quart. |
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| milliliter- mL |
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| A metric unit of volume equal to one-thousandth (.001) of a liter. |
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| potential energy |
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| A type of energy related to position or composition of a substance. |
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| kinetic energy |
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| The energy of moving particles. |
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| calorie- cal |
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| The amount of heat energy that raises the temperature of of exactly 1g of wter eaxctly 1°C. |
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| joules- J |
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| The SI unit of heat energy. 4.184 J = 1 cal. |
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| specific heat |
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| A quanitity of heat that changes the temperature of exactly 1 g of a substance by 1°C. |
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| boiling |
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| The formation of bubbles of gas throughout a liquid. |
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| freezing |
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| The change of state from liquid to solid. |
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| evaporation |
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| The formation of a gas (vapor) by the escape of high-energy molecules from the surface of a liquid. |
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| condensation |
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| The change of state of a gas to a liquid. |
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| melting |
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| The change of state from a solid to a liquid. |
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| sublimation |
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| The change of state in which a solid is transformed directly into gas without forming a liquid first. |
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| deposition |
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| The change of a gas directly into a solid; the reverse of sublimation. |
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| heat of vaporization |
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| The energy required to vaporize exactly 1 g of a substance at its boiling point. |
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| physical change |
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| A change in which the physical properties of a substance change but its identity stays the same. |
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| chemical change |
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| A change during which the original substance is converted into a new substance that has a different composition and new chemical and physcal properties. |
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| element |
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| A pure substance from which all other things are built. |
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| periodic table |
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| An arrangement of elements by increasing atomic number such that elements having similar chemical behavior are grouped in vertical columns. |
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| period |
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| A horizontal row of elements in the periodic table. |
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| group |
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| A vertical column in the periodic table that contains elements having similar physical and chemical properties. |
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| alkali metals |
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| Elements of group 1A (1) except hydrogen; these are soft, shiny metals with one outer shell electron. |
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| alkaline earth metals |
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| Group 2A (2) elements, which have 2 electrons in their outer shells. |
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| halogens |
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| Group 7A (17) elements flourine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and astatine. |
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| noble gases |
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| An element in Group 8A (18) of the periodic table, generally unreactive and seldom found in combination with other elements. |
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| transition elements |
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| Elements located between Groups 2A (2) and 3A (13) on the periodic table. |
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| metals |
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| An element that is shiny, malleable, ductile, and a good conductor of heat and electricity. Located to the left of the zig zag line on the period table. |
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| nonmetals |
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| An element with little or no luster that is a poor conductor of heat and electricity. Located to the right of the zig zag line in the periodic table. |
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| proton |
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| A positively charged subatomic particle having a mass of about 1 amu and found in the nucleus of an atom. |
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| neutron |
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| A neutral subatomic particle having a mass of about 1 amu and found in the nucleus of an atom. |
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| electron |
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| A negatively charged subatomic particle having a very small mass that is usually ignored in calculations. |
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| atomic nucleus |
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| The compact, very dense center of an atom, containing the protons and neutrons of an atom. |
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| atomic number |
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| A number that is equal to the number of protons in an atom. |
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| atomic mass |
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| The weighted average mass of all the naturally occurring isotopes of an element. |
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| atomic symbol |
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| An abbriviation used to indicate the mass number and atomic number of an isotope. |
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| isotope |
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| An atom that differs only in mass number from another atom of the same element. These have the same atomic number but different numbers of neutrons. |
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| calorimeter |
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| An apparatus used to determinethe number of Calories in a food. |
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| absolute zero |
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| 0 on the Kelvin temperature scale |
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| endothermic |
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| A reaction that gets cold. |
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| exothermic |
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| A reaction that produces heat. |
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| activation energy |
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| The energy needed upon collision to break apart the bonds of the reacting molecules. |
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| molecule |
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| The smallest unit of two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds. |
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| compound |
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| A pure substance consisting of two or more elements, with a definite composition, that can be broken down into simpler substances by chemical methods. |
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| ion |
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| An atom or group of atoms having an electrical charge because of a loss or gain of an electron. |
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| cation |
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| A positively charged ion. |
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| anion |
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| A negatively charged ion. |
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| formula |
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| The group of symbols and subscripts that represents the atoms or ions in a compound. |
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| ionic charge |
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| The difference between the number of protons and the number of electrons written in the upper right corner of the symbol for the element or polyatomic ion. |
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| valence electrons |
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| Electrons in the outermost energy level of an atom. |
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| electron-dot structure |
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| The representation of an atom that shows valence electrons as dots around the symbol of an element. |
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| octet rule |
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| Elements in groups 1A-7A react with other elements by forming ionic or covalent bonds to produce a noble gas arrangement, usually eight electrons in the outer shell. |
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| polyatomic ion |
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| A group of covalently bonded nonmetal ato ms that has an overall electrical charge. |
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| polarity |
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| A measure of the unequal sharing of electrons indicated by the difference in electronegativities. |
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| products |
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| The substances formed as a result of a chemical reaction. |
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| reactants |
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| The initial substances that undergo change in a chemical reaction. |
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| oxidation |
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| The loss of electrons by a substance. |
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| reduction |
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| The gain of electrons by a substance. |
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| multiplication or division |
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| The final answer is written so it has the same number of significant figures as the measurement with the smallest amount of SFs. |
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| addition or subtraction |
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| The final answer is written so it has the same number of decimal pplaces as the measurement with the least decimal places. |
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| Br |
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| Bromine |
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| Ag |
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| Silver |
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| Au |
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| Gold |
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| I |
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| Iodine |
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| Hg |
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| Mercury |
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| Sn |
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| Tin |
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| Pb |
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| Lead |
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| H |
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| Hydrogen |
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| He |
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| Helium |
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| Li |
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| Lithium |
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| Be |
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| Beryllium |
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| B |
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| Boron |
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| C |
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| Carbon |
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| N |
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| Nitrogen |
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| O |
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| Oxygen |
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| F |
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| Fluorine |
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| Ne |
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| Neon |
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| Na |
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| Sodium |
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| Mg |
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| Magnesium |
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| Al |
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| Aluminum |
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| Si |
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| Silicon |
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| P |
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| Phosphorus |
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| S |
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| Sulfur |
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| Cl |
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| Chlorine |
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| Ar |
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| Argon |
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| K |
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| Potassium |
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| Ca |
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| Calcium |
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| Sc |
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| Scandium |
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| Ti |
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| Titanium |
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| V |
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| Vanadium |
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| Cr |
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| Chromium |
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| Mn |
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| Manganese |
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| Fe |
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| Iron |
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| Co |
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| Cobalt |
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| Ni |
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| Nickel |
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| Cu |
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| Copper |
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| Zn |
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| Zinc |
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| Radiant Energy |
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| Energy in the form of waves. Ex. light, x-ray, infrared, gamma rays.. |
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| Chemical Energy |
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| Energy used to hold bonds together. |
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| Mechanical Energy |
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| Energy from motion |
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| Electrical Energy |
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| Energy from electrical current. |
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| Nuclear Energy |
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| Energy inside of the atom. |
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| Conversion Formula of Celsius to Fahrenheit |
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| TF= 1.8(TC) + 32 |
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| Conversion Formula of Fahrenheit to Celsius. |
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TC= (TF - 32) / 1.8
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| Conversion Formula of Celsius to Kelvin |
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| TK= TC + 273 |
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| Conversion Formula of Kelvin to Celsius |
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| TC =TK - 273 |
