ch 8-14 psy2012 – Flashcards
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Which theory would be most helpful for explaining why people are motivated to watch horror movies?
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arousal theory
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The recipes commonly used in countries with hot climates are more likely to include ________ that slow the growth of bacteria than those in countries with colder climates.
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Spices
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By highlighting the ecology of eating, psychologists focus on the fact that food consumption often depends on
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situational influences
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Judy found that her party guests ate less from a very large plate of cupcakes that were cut in half rather than whole. This best illustrates the importance of
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serving size
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When offered as many servings of ice cream as they would like to eat, people are likely to eat more if they are
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offered servings from a wide variety rather than a small variety of ice cream flavors.
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A body that can store fat has the advantage of possessing
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stored energy
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The two-factor theory of emotion was proposed by
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Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer.
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According to the two-factor theory, the two basic components of emotions are ________ and ________.
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a cognitive label; physical arousal
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In one experiment, college men were injected with epinephrine before spending time with either a joyful or an irritated person. The results of this experiment support the idea that
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our experience of emotion depends on how we interpret the body's arousal.
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The lingering arousal associated with one emotional state can intensify a completely different state of emotion. This is called
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the spillover effect.
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Which branch of psychology is most directly concerned with the study of how people think about, influence, and relate to one another?
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social psychology
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In explaining the actions of people we do not know well, we often demonstrate
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the fundamental attribution error.
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Attitudes are ________ that guide behavior.
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belief-based feelings
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Politicians who publicly oppose a tax increase that they privately favor best illustrate that
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actions may sometimes be inconsistent with attitudes.
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Which theory best explains why our actions can lead us to modify our attitudes?
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cognitive dissonance theory
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Unconsciously mimicking those around us is known as
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the chameleon effect.
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Adjusting our behavior or thinking toward a group standard is called
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conformity.
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Alex thinks smoking is addictive but other players on his hockey team insist that it's not. Alex is likely to conform to their opinion if
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he feels insecure in his role as a new member of the team.
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To study social facilitation, Norman Triplett observed adolescents while they were
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winding fishing reels.
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Social facilitation refers to the tendency to
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perform well-learned tasks more effectively in the presence of others.
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Professional athletes perform better before an audience than when alone. This best illustrates
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social facilitation.
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The tendency for people to exert less effort when they are pooling their efforts toward a common goal is known as
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social loafing.
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When a mild-mannered woman had an electrode implanted in her amygdala, she
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developed more aggressive tendencies.
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Animals that have successfully fought to get food or mates become increasingly ferocious. This best illustrates that aggression is influenced by
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reinforcement.
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A syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in a person's thoughts, feelings, or behaviors is most clearly an indication of
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a psychological disorder.
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Inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity are major symptoms of
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ADHD.
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Which of the following disorders most often coexists with a learning disorder or with defiant and temper-prone behavior?
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ADHD
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The discovery that psychologically disordered behavior could result from syphilis infections served to encourage the acceptance of
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the medical model.
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Some psychologists believe that due partly to a broader definition of trauma, mental health professionals have been overdiagnosing
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PTSD.
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Most combat-stressed soldiers do not later exhibit PTSD. This best illustrates survivor
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resiliency.
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According to the ________, anxiety is sometimes produced by the submerged mental energy associated with repressed impulses.
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psychoanalytic perspective
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Those who suggest that phobias are learned would be most likely to emphasize the role of ________ in the onset of anxiety disorders.
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classical conditioning
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Those with alcohol use disorder are likely to experience symptoms of ________ when alcohol use is suspended.
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withdrawal
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Angela refuses to cut back on her daily excessive wine consumption even though it interferes with her ability to function effectively at work and school. Angela is most clearing suffering from
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alcohol use disorder.
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Which drugs are most likely to be prescribed as tranquilizers?
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barbiturates
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Morphine and heroin are
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opiates.
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After ingesting a small dose of a psychoactive drug, Merri experienced vivid visual hallucinations and felt as if she were separated from her body. Merri most likely experienced the effects of
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LSD.
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THC, the active ingredient in ________, is classified as a ________.
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marijuana; hallucinogen
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Which term refers to all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating?
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cognition
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A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, and people is a(n)
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Concept
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A prototype is a
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best example of a particular category.
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With which of the following statements will people typically agree most quickly?
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A robin is a bird.
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An algorithm is a(n)
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methodical step-by-step procedure for solving problems.
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A fixation is most likely to inhibit
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creativity.
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In contrast to our explicit conscious reasoning, our seemingly effortless and automatic feelings or thoughts are called
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intuitions
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A reliance on quick, intuitive judgments is best illustrated by our use of
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heuristics.
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Our tendency to judge the likelihood of an event on the basis of how readily we can remember instances of its occurrence is called
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the availability heuristic.
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Han overestimates the number of family chores he does because it's easier for him to recall what he has done than what other family members have done. This best illustrates the impact of
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the availability heuristic.
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When Larina started college, she was certain that she would never smoke marijuana. By the end of her freshman year, however, Larina had used this drug several times. Larina's experience best illustrates
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overconfidence
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An unwillingness to give up our beliefs even when the evidence proves us wrong is called
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belief perseverance
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Wording a question or presenting an issue in such a way that it evokes a desired judgment is called
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framing
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Consumers respond more positively to hamburger advertised as "75 percent lean" than to ground beef described as "25 percent fat." This illustrates that consumer reactions are influenced by
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framing
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While taking a difficult test, Cindy's muscles tense and her heart pounds. These physiological responses are
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stress reactions
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In surveys taken in the three weeks after the 9/11 terrorist attacks, 58 percent of Americans reported experiencing heightened symptoms of
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anxiety
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Those who experience significant daily hassles such as perceived discrimination and unreachable goals are especially likely to experience
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reduced physical health.
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In a stressful situation, feelings of pain are dulled by
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the sympathetic nervous system.
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AIDS is caused by
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a viral infection
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Rodents who experienced inescapable restraint were more prone to developing cancer if they had previously received implanted
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tumor cells.
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Coronary heart disease involves
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the clogging of blood vessels.
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The risk of coronary heart disease is increased by
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high blood pressure.
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Friedman and Rosenman referred to competitive, hard-driving, impatient, and easily angered individuals as ________ personalities.
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Type A
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The perception that our fate is determined by chance reflects
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an external locus of control.
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Those with an internal locus of control act ________ independently and feel ________ depressed than those with an external locus of control.
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more; less
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A belief in free will is most likely to be associated with
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an internal locus of control.
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The ability to delay immediate gratification of our impulses best illustrates
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self-control.
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People who typically anticipate that their outcomes in life will be negative best illustrate
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pessimism
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The treatment of serious psychological disorders with prescribed medications or medical procedures that directly influence the nervous system is called
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biomedical therapy.
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An eclectic approach to psychotherapy is one that
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uses a variety of psychological theories and therapeutic techniques.
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The first major psychological therapy was introduced by
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Sigmund Freud.
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Transference refers to a client's
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expression toward a therapist of feelings linked with earlier life relationships.
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Psychodynamic therapy is ________ than traditional psychoanalysis.
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briefer
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Insight therapies aim to improve psychological functioning by
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increasing a person's awareness of underlying motives and defenses.
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Which form of therapy most directly encourages clients to question their interpretations, decatastrophize their thinking, and take more appropriate responsibility for past outcomes?
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cognitive therapy
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An integrative therapy that aims to modify both self-defeating thinking and dysfunctional actions is known as
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cognitive-behavioral therapy.
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Clients have been found to benefit from participating in ________ over the Internet.
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cognitive-behavioral therapy
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Which form of therapy has most directly contributed to the sharp reduction in the number of residents in U.S. mental hospitals?
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drug therapy
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When testing a new drug, researchers control for a placebo effect by using
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the double-blind technique.
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Double-blind studies enable researchers to assess the extent to which drug therapy outcomes are due to
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the placebo effect.
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Most combat-stressed veterans do not later exhibit posttraumatic stress disorder. This best illustrates
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resilience.
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Positive psychological changes that result from struggling with extremely challenging life crises demonstrate
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posttraumatic growth.
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An individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting is his or her
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personality.
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The importance of unconscious conflicts and childhood experiences is of most central importance to
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psychodynamic theories.
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Psychodynamic theories emphasize that personality involves a dynamic interaction between
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conscious and unconscious mental processes.
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Psychoanalysis refers to the personality theory and therapeutic practices developed by
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Sigmund Freud.
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When 2-year-old Matthew was told he would get no dessert until he finished the food on his plate, he threw his plate on the floor in a temper tantrum. Freud would have suggested that Matthew was unable to resist the demands of his
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id
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Freud emphasized that the id operates on the ________ principle.
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pleasure
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According to Freud, the part of personality that represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment is the
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superego
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Janine is disgusted by the thought of watching a pornographic video. Freud would have attributed these feelings to Janine's
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superego
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The defense mechanism in which self-justifying explanations replace the real, unconscious reasons for actions is
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rationalization.
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Children who release unexpressed anger toward their parents by kicking the family pet illustrate the defense mechanism of
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displacement
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Refusing to believe or even to perceive painful realities constitutes the defense mechanism known as
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denial
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The projective tests are most closely associated with the ________ perspective.
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psychoanalytic
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Abraham Maslow suggested that those who fulfill their potential have satisfied the need for
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self-actualization
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Carl Rogers suggested that the ________ is (are) a central feature of personality.
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self-concept
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