question

Motivation is defined by psychologists as

answer

a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior.

question

For a person deprived of water, the satisfaction that follows drinking a thirst-quenching beverage best illustrates

answer

drive reduction.

question

Victims of a famine will often eat unappetizing and nutritionally poor foods simply to relieve their constant hunger. Their behavior is best explained by the

answer

drive-reduction theory.

question

Positive and negative environmental stimuli that motivate behavior are called

answer

incentives.

question

Which theory would be most helpful for explaining why people are motivated to watch horror movies?

answer

arousal theory

question

The recipes commonly used in countries with hot climates are more likely to include ________ that slow the growth of bacteria than those in countries with colder climates.

answer

Spices

question

By highlighting the ecology of eating, psychologists focus on the fact that food consumption often depends on

answer

situational influences

question

Judy found that her party guests ate less from a very large plate of cupcakes that were cut in half rather than whole. This best illustrates the importance of

answer

serving size

question

When offered as many servings of ice cream as they would like to eat, people are likely to eat more if they are

answer

offered servings from a wide variety rather than a small variety of ice cream flavors.

question

A body that can store fat has the advantage of possessing

answer

stored energy

question

The two-factor theory of emotion was proposed by

answer

Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer.

question

According to the two-factor theory, the two basic components of emotions are ________ and ________.

answer

a cognitive label; physical arousal

question

In one experiment, college men were injected with epinephrine before spending time with either a joyful or an irritated person. The results of this experiment support the idea that

answer

our experience of emotion depends on how we interpret the body's arousal.

question

The lingering arousal associated with one emotional state can intensify a completely different state of emotion. This is called

answer

the spillover effect.

question

Which branch of psychology is most directly concerned with the study of how people think about, influence, and relate to one another?

answer

social psychology

question

In explaining the actions of people we do not know well, we often demonstrate

answer

the fundamental attribution error.

question

Attitudes are ________ that guide behavior.

answer

belief-based feelings

question

Politicians who publicly oppose a tax increase that they privately favor best illustrate that

answer

actions may sometimes be inconsistent with attitudes.

question

Which theory best explains why our actions can lead us to modify our attitudes?

answer

cognitive dissonance theory

question

Unconsciously mimicking those around us is known as

answer

the chameleon effect.

question

Adjusting our behavior or thinking toward a group standard is called

answer

conformity.

question

Alex thinks smoking is addictive but other players on his hockey team insist that it's not. Alex is likely to conform to their opinion if

answer

he feels insecure in his role as a new member of the team.

question

To study social facilitation, Norman Triplett observed adolescents while they were

answer

winding fishing reels.

question

Social facilitation refers to the tendency to

answer

perform well-learned tasks more effectively in the presence of others.

question

Professional athletes perform better before an audience than when alone. This best illustrates

answer

social facilitation.

question

The tendency for people to exert less effort when they are pooling their efforts toward a common goal is known as

answer

social loafing.

question

When a mild-mannered woman had an electrode implanted in her amygdala, she

answer

developed more aggressive tendencies.

question

Animals that have successfully fought to get food or mates become increasingly ferocious. This best illustrates that aggression is influenced by

answer

reinforcement.

question

A syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in a person's thoughts, feelings, or behaviors is most clearly an indication of

answer

a psychological disorder.

question

Inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity are major symptoms of

answer

ADHD.

question

Which of the following disorders most often coexists with a learning disorder or with defiant and temper-prone behavior?

answer

ADHD

question

The discovery that psychologically disordered behavior could result from syphilis infections served to encourage the acceptance of

answer

the medical model.

question

Some psychologists believe that due partly to a broader definition of trauma, mental health professionals have been overdiagnosing

answer

PTSD.

question

Most combat-stressed soldiers do not later exhibit PTSD. This best illustrates survivor

answer

resiliency.

question

According to the ________, anxiety is sometimes produced by the submerged mental energy associated with repressed impulses.

answer

psychoanalytic perspective

question

Those who suggest that phobias are learned would be most likely to emphasize the role of ________ in the onset of anxiety disorders.

answer

classical conditioning

question

Those with alcohol use disorder are likely to experience symptoms of ________ when alcohol use is suspended.

answer

withdrawal

question

Angela refuses to cut back on her daily excessive wine consumption even though it interferes with her ability to function effectively at work and school. Angela is most clearing suffering from

answer

alcohol use disorder.

question

Which drugs are most likely to be prescribed as tranquilizers?

answer

barbiturates

question

Morphine and heroin are

answer

opiates.

question

After ingesting a small dose of a psychoactive drug, Merri experienced vivid visual hallucinations and felt as if she were separated from her body. Merri most likely experienced the effects of

answer

LSD.

question

THC, the active ingredient in ________, is classified as a ________.

answer

marijuana; hallucinogen

question

Which term refers to all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating?

answer

cognition

question

A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, and people is a(n)

answer

Concept

question

A prototype is a

answer

best example of a particular category.

question

With which of the following statements will people typically agree most quickly?

answer

A robin is a bird.

question

An algorithm is a(n)

answer

methodical step-by-step procedure for solving problems.

question

A fixation is most likely to inhibit

answer

creativity.

question

In contrast to our explicit conscious reasoning, our seemingly effortless and automatic feelings or thoughts are called

answer

intuitions

question

A reliance on quick, intuitive judgments is best illustrated by our use of

answer

heuristics.

question

Our tendency to judge the likelihood of an event on the basis of how readily we can remember instances of its occurrence is called

answer

the availability heuristic.

question

Han overestimates the number of family chores he does because it's easier for him to recall what he has done than what other family members have done. This best illustrates the impact of

answer

the availability heuristic.

question

When Larina started college, she was certain that she would never smoke marijuana. By the end of her freshman year, however, Larina had used this drug several times. Larina's experience best illustrates

answer

overconfidence

question

An unwillingness to give up our beliefs even when the evidence proves us wrong is called

answer

belief perseverance

question

Wording a question or presenting an issue in such a way that it evokes a desired judgment is called

answer

framing

question

Consumers respond more positively to hamburger advertised as "75 percent lean" than to ground beef described as "25 percent fat." This illustrates that consumer reactions are influenced by

answer

framing

question

While taking a difficult test, Cindy's muscles tense and her heart pounds. These physiological responses are

answer

stress reactions

question

In surveys taken in the three weeks after the 9/11 terrorist attacks, 58 percent of Americans reported experiencing heightened symptoms of

answer

anxiety

question

Those who experience significant daily hassles such as perceived discrimination and unreachable goals are especially likely to experience

answer

reduced physical health.

question

In a stressful situation, feelings of pain are dulled by

answer

the sympathetic nervous system.

question

AIDS is caused by

answer

a viral infection

question

Rodents who experienced inescapable restraint were more prone to developing cancer if they had previously received implanted

answer

tumor cells.

question

Coronary heart disease involves

answer

the clogging of blood vessels.

question

The risk of coronary heart disease is increased by

answer

high blood pressure.

question

Friedman and Rosenman referred to competitive, hard-driving, impatient, and easily angered individuals as ________ personalities.

answer

Type A

question

The perception that our fate is determined by chance reflects

answer

an external locus of control.

question

Those with an internal locus of control act ________ independently and feel ________ depressed than those with an external locus of control.

answer

more; less

question

A belief in free will is most likely to be associated with

answer

an internal locus of control.

question

The ability to delay immediate gratification of our impulses best illustrates

answer

self-control.

question

People who typically anticipate that their outcomes in life will be negative best illustrate

answer

pessimism

question

The treatment of serious psychological disorders with prescribed medications or medical procedures that directly influence the nervous system is called

answer

biomedical therapy.

question

An eclectic approach to psychotherapy is one that

answer

uses a variety of psychological theories and therapeutic techniques.

question

The first major psychological therapy was introduced by

answer

Sigmund Freud.

question

Transference refers to a client's

answer

expression toward a therapist of feelings linked with earlier life relationships.

question

Psychodynamic therapy is ________ than traditional psychoanalysis.

answer

briefer

question

Insight therapies aim to improve psychological functioning by

answer

increasing a person's awareness of underlying motives and defenses.

question

Which form of therapy most directly encourages clients to question their interpretations, decatastrophize their thinking, and take more appropriate responsibility for past outcomes?

answer

cognitive therapy

question

An integrative therapy that aims to modify both self-defeating thinking and dysfunctional actions is known as

answer

cognitive-behavioral therapy.

question

Clients have been found to benefit from participating in ________ over the Internet.

answer

cognitive-behavioral therapy

question

Which form of therapy has most directly contributed to the sharp reduction in the number of residents in U.S. mental hospitals?

answer

drug therapy

question

When testing a new drug, researchers control for a placebo effect by using

answer

the double-blind technique.

question

Double-blind studies enable researchers to assess the extent to which drug therapy outcomes are due to

answer

the placebo effect.

question

Most combat-stressed veterans do not later exhibit posttraumatic stress disorder. This best illustrates

answer

resilience.

question

Positive psychological changes that result from struggling with extremely challenging life crises demonstrate

answer

posttraumatic growth.

question

An individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting is his or her

answer

personality.

question

The importance of unconscious conflicts and childhood experiences is of most central importance to

answer

psychodynamic theories.

question

Psychodynamic theories emphasize that personality involves a dynamic interaction between

answer

conscious and unconscious mental processes.

question

Psychoanalysis refers to the personality theory and therapeutic practices developed by

answer

Sigmund Freud.

question

When 2-year-old Matthew was told he would get no dessert until he finished the food on his plate, he threw his plate on the floor in a temper tantrum. Freud would have suggested that Matthew was unable to resist the demands of his

answer

id

question

Freud emphasized that the id operates on the ________ principle.

answer

pleasure

question

According to Freud, the part of personality that represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment is the

answer

superego

question

Janine is disgusted by the thought of watching a pornographic video. Freud would have attributed these feelings to Janine's

answer

superego

question

The defense mechanism in which self-justifying explanations replace the real, unconscious reasons for actions is

answer

rationalization.

question

Children who release unexpressed anger toward their parents by kicking the family pet illustrate the defense mechanism of

answer

displacement

question

Refusing to believe or even to perceive painful realities constitutes the defense mechanism known as

answer

denial

question

The projective tests are most closely associated with the ________ perspective.

answer

psychoanalytic

question

Abraham Maslow suggested that those who fulfill their potential have satisfied the need for

answer

self-actualization

question

Carl Rogers suggested that the ________ is (are) a central feature of personality.

answer

self-concept

ch 8-14 psy2012 – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards