question

Learning

answer

a relatively permanent behavior change due to experience; most is associative

question

Adaptability

answer

our capicity to learn new behaviors that help us cope with changing circumstances; allows us to learn new things

question

Associative Learning

answer

learning that certain events occue together; events could be 2 stimuli (classical) or a response and its consequences (operant); mind naturally connects events that occur in sequence

question

Conditioning

answer

process of learning associations

question

Classical Conditioning

answer

Ivan Pavlov; we learn to associate 2 stimuli and thus to anticipate events; associations are made between a natural stimulus and a learned, neutral stimulus; Ex: lightning signals impending thunder, so we brace ourselves when it flashes

question

Stimulus

answer

anything that causes some kind of reaction Ex: Meat

question

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

answer

a stimulus that natually and automatically elicits a response. Ex: meat causes salivation automatically.

question

Neutral Stimulus (NS)

answer

a stimulus that doesn't elicit any response by itself, ex: experiment subject may associate NS with the UCS (associate experimenter with food)

question

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

answer

an originially irrelevent stimulus that, after associated with the UCS, comes to trigger a response; same as NS Ex: experimenter after conditioned response.

question

Response

answer

reaction Ex: salivation

question

Unconditioned Response (UCR)

answer

the unlearned, natually occuring response to the UCS. Ex: salivation

question

Conditioned Response (CR)

answer

the learned response to a previously neutral stimulus; Ex: Dog learns to respond to experimenter alone

question

Behaviorism

answer

Watson; view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes; today agrees with 1, but not 2

question

John B Watson

answer

1st american promoter of behaviorism; human could spread fear by pairing things together; unethical; "Little Albert" experiment

question

Mary C Jones

answer

Watson's student; used same principles to eliminate fear; paried fearful item with favored item, until association is formed; still used today

question

Acquisition in CC

answer

initial stage of learning; phase where an association between neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus occurs; NS needs to come before UCS;

question

Stimuli Congruity

answer

occcuring of stimuli together in time and space

question

Simultaneous Conditioning in CC

answer

CS and UCS begin and end together

question

Short-Delayed Conditioning in CC

answer

CS begins just before the UCS, end together

question

Trace Conditioning

answer

CS begins and ends before UCS is presented

question

Extinction in CC

answer

the diminishing of a conditioned response; CR (salivation) will eventually become extinct when UCS (food) doesn't follow CS (experimenter)

question

Spontaneous Recovery in CC

answer

after rest period, extinguished CR (salivation) spontaneously recovers, but if CS (experimenter or bell) persists alone, CR becomes extinct again

question

Generalization in CC

answer

the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the CS to elicit similar responses; conditioned the dog's salivation (CR) by using miniature devices that made vibrations (CS) on the thigh. When he subsequently stimulated other parts of the dog's body, salivation dropped.

question

Discrimination/Distinction in CC

answer

opposite generalization; the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus.; the response is to a specific stimulus... similar stimuli don't work.

question

Higher-Order Conditioning

answer

occurs when a CS functions as if it were a UCS to established new conditioning; (condition to respond to a tone with saliva, pair the tone with a light).

question

Respondent Behavior

answer

behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus; involved in classical conditioning Ex: salivating in response to meat and later in response to a tone

question

Biological Predispositions in CC

answer

each species has its own predispositions that prepare it to learn associations that enhance its survival; conditioned taste aversions can be readily acquired, after only 1 trial and when stimuli aren't contiguous

question

Signal Relations Theory

answer

the predictive value of a CS is an influential factor governing classical conditioning.

question

Operant Conditioning

answer

type of associative learning where behavior is strengthened if followed by reward, and weakened if followed by punishment

question

Operant Behavior

answer

behavior that operates on environment to produce positive or negative consequences; ex: toilet training

question

Law of Effect

answer

Thorndike; behaviors followed by reward will re-occur, and behaviors followed by punishment won't occur again; if a response in the presence of a stimulus leads to satisfying effects, the association between the stimulus and response is strengthened

question

B F Skinner

answer

psychologist most closely associated with operant conditioning; Thorndike's "law of effect" became the cornerstone of Skinner's theory; Skinner's experiments extend Thorndike's thinking

question

Operant Chamber

answer

Skinner; operational conditioning research; chamber with bar or key that animal manipulates to obtain food/water reinforcer; devides in it also record how much bar/key is pressed/pecked

question

Discriminative Stimulus

answer

signals that a response will be reinforced

question

Emission of Response

answer

Because operant responses tend to be voluntary, they are said to be emitted rather than elicited.

question

Reinforcement Contingencies

answer

The circumstances, or rules, that determine whether responses lead to the presentation of reinforcers.

question

Reinforcer

answer

in OC, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows. ex: food or money

question

Reinforcement

answer

organisms tend to repeat responses followed by positive rewards; increases tendency to make response

question

Positive Reinforcement

answer

presenting a pleasant stimulus to increase the frequency of a desired behavior.

question

Positive Reinforcer

answer

any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response

question

Negative Reinforcement

answer

removing an unpleasant stimulus to increase the frequency of a desired behavior

question

Negative Reinforcer

answer

any stimuli that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response; NOT punishment

question

Primary Reinforcers

answer

stimuli that are inheritently/innately reinforcing because they satifsy biological needs ex: food, sex, water

question

Secondary/Conditioned Reinforcers

answer

stimuli that acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers (learned, or conditioned reinforcment) ex: money, good grades, attention

question

Immediate Reinforcers

answer

a reinforcer that occurs instantly after a behavior; more appealing

question

Delayed Reinforcers

answer

a reinforcer delayed in time for certain behavior; ex: paycheck

question

Continuous Reinforcement

answer

reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs; results in faster acquisition, but also faster extinction

question

Partial (Intermittent) Reinforcement

answer

reinforcing a response only part of the time; slower aqcuisition but greater resistance to extinction ex: slot machines

question

Ratio Schedules

answer

requires organism to make designated response a certain number of times to gain reinforcer

question

Fixed-Ratio Schedule

answer

reinforces a response only after a specificed (fixed) number of non-reinforced responses; ex: punch cards at movies

question

Variable-Ratio Schedule

answer

reinforces a response after an unpredicatable number of non-reinforced responses; hard to extinguish because of unpredictability ex: gambling

question

Interval Schedules

answer

require a time period to pass between presentation of reinforcers; ex: pigeons peck key more frequently as anticipated time for reward nears

question

Fixed Interval Schedule

answer

reinforces a response only after a specific time interval has elapsed ex: paycheck

question

Variable Interval Schedule

answer

reinforces a response after unpredictable time interval has elapsed ex: pop quiz, fishing

question

Punishment

answer

process of weakening a response by following it with unpleasant consequences

question

Punisher

answer

any consequence that decreases the frequency of a preceding behavior

question

Positive Punishment

answer

adding an unpleasant stimulus to decrease the frequency of an undesired behavior

question

Negative Punishment

answer

removing a pleasant stimulus to decreased the frequenc of an undesired behavior

question

Acquisition in OC

answer

As in classical conditioning, acquisition refers to the initial stage of learning.

question

Extinction in OC

answer

the gradual weakening and disappearance of a response tendency because the response is no longer followed by a reinforcer ex: if you stop giving a rat food when it presses a lever, the rat will show a brief surge of responding (pressing the lever) followed by a gradual decline until it approaches zero.

question

Stimulus Generalization in OC

answer

a behavior that spreads from one situation to a similar one. (A new stimulus is responded to as if it were the original); Occurs when an organism responds to one stimulus, but not another one similar to it ex: A small boy pats two different dogs and both dogs wag their tails. Generalization= The boy assumes all dogs are friendly

question

Shaping in OC

answer

reinforcers guide behavior closer and closer towards a goal; Successive approximations ex: learning how to swim in the deep end

question

Chaining in OC

answer

learning simple skills, that when combined together enable the subject to perform more complex tasks; used when there are multiple steps to a certain sequence that we want completed in a specific order; We begin by reinforcing each part of the sequence individually, then we move to linking the parts together and reinforcing the connections between the parts.

question

Cognitive Processes

answer

focuses on mental processes involved in learning

question

Latent Learning

answer

Tolman and Honzik; learning that has taken place but doesn't show up until later when there is an incentive to demonstrate it; occurs without reinforcement but you don't see it until there is a reinforcement ex: by learning the map of the maze, the rats use it when necessary, like to get food

question

Cognitive Map

answer

a mental representation of the layout of one's environment ex: after exploring maze, rats act as if they've learned cognitive map of it

question

Learned Helplessness

answer

Martin Selegman; when a person starts to believe that their actions have no effect on their env; people tend to be less motivated and low self-esteem

question

Intrinsic Motivation

answer

desire to perform a behavior for its own sake; excessive rewards can undermine this

question

Extrinsic Motivation

answer

desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment

question

Biological Predispositions in OC

answer

Breland & Breland; biological constraints predispose organisms to learn associations that are naturally adaptive

question

Instinctual Drift

answer

when an organism reverts to a biologically predisposed pattern; Breland and Breland

question

Social Learning

answer

Bandura; learning from the behavior of others; refers to all learning in a social situation; Bobo doll experiment

question

Observational Learning

answer

organism observes and imitates the behavior of others; behavior you don't know; watch someone else do it, repeat it and learn it; one of the processes used for social learning in which we observe our surroundings for cues on how to behave. ex: sports skills

question

Vicarious Conditioning in OL

answer

occurs by an organism wathcing another organism ( a model) be conditioned; observational leanring can occur for CC and OC

question

Attention in OL

answer

First the organism must pay attention to the model

question

Retention in OL

answer

It must retain the information observed

question

Reproduction in OL

answer

Be able to reproduce the behavior

question

Motivation in OL

answer

Finally, an observed response is unlikely to be reproduced unless the organism is motivated to do so, i.e., they believe there will be a pay off.

question

Modeling

answer

process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

question

Mirror Neurons

answer

frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing others doing them; the brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation and empathy

question

Prosocial Behavior

answer

positive, constructive, helpful behavior; opposite of anti-social; prosocial models have prosocial effects

question

Behavior Modification

answer

Using classical conditioning, operant conditioning, or social learning to change a person's actions or feelings

question

Token Economy

answer

giving tokens for desired behavior that can be exchanged for stuff ex: bonus bucks

question

Self Control/ Self Modification

answer

Setting up a personal system of rewards and punishments to shape their own thoughts and actions. ex: quitting smoking

question

Feedback

answer

Finding out the results of an action or performance ex: getting tests back, advice from coaches

question

Transfer

answer

When previous learning affects new learning

question

Positive Transfer

answer

old learning helps new learning ex: instruments, video games

question

Negative Transfer

answer

old learning hinders new learning ex: keyboarding, driving in England

question

Practice

answer

repitition of a task; Better to practice over a period of time than do it all at once; mass rehearsal vs. cramming;

Ch 7: Learning – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards