Ch. 6: An Introduction to Metabolism – Flashcards
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Which of the following types of reactions would decrease the entropy within a cell?
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-Anabolic Reactions
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Living organisms increase in complexity as they grow, resulting in a decrease in the entropy of an organism. How does this relate to the second law of thermodynamics?
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-As a consequence of growing, organisms cause a greater increase in entropy in their environment than the decrease in entropy associated with their growth
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Which of the following is an example of potential rather than kinetic energy?
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-A molecule of glucose
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Which of the following is the most correct interpretation of Figure 6.1?
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-ATP is a molecule that acts as an intermediary to store energy for cellular work
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The mathematical expression for the change in free energy of a system is
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-
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During a laboratory experiment, you discover that an enzyme-catalyzed reaction has a
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- -20 kcal/mol
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When ATP releases some energy, it also releases inorganic phosphate. What happens to the inorganic phosphate in the cell?
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-It may be used to form a phosphorylated intermediate
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A solution of starch at room temperature does not readily decompose to form a solution of simple sugars because?
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-The activataion energy barrier for this reaction cannot easily be surmounted at room temperature
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Which of the following statements is a logical consequence of the second law of thermodynamics?
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-Every chemical reaction must increase the total entropy of the universe
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Some of the drugs used to treat HIV patients are competitive inhibitors of the HIV reverse transcriptase enzyme. Unfortunately, the high mutation rate of HIV means that the virus rapidly acquires mutations with amino acid changes that make them resistant to these competitive inhibitors. Where in the reverse transcriptase enzyme would such amino acid changes most likely occur in drug-resistant viruses?
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-In or near the active site
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For living organisms, which of the following is an important consequence of the first law of thermodynamics?
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-The organism ultimately must obtain all of the neccessary energy for life from its environment
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Which curve(s) on the graphs may represent the temperature and pH profiles of an enzyme taken from a bacterium that lives in a mildly alkaline hot springs at temperatures of 70 C or higher?
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-Curves 3 and 5
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Chemical equilibrium relatively rare in living cells. Which of the following could be an example of a reaction at chemical equilibrium in a cell?
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-A chemical reaction in which both the reactants and products are not being produced or used in any metabolic pathway at that time in the cell
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Which of the following is true for anabolic pathways?
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-They consume energy to build up polymers from monomers
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In order to attach a particular amino acid to the tRNA molecule that will transport it, an enzyme, an aminoacyl-tRNA synthase, is required , along with ATP. Initially, the enzyme has an active site for ATP and another for the amino acid, but it is not able to attach the tRNA. What must occur in order for the final attachment to occur?
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-The binding of the first two molecules must cause a 3-D change that opens another active site on the enzyme
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Which of the following represent the
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-D
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Which of the following represents the activation energy required for a noncatalyzed reaction in Figure 6.4?
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-C
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What is malonic acid's role with respect to succinate dehydrogenase?
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-It is a competitive inhibitor
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How does a noncompetitive inhibitor decrease the rate of an enzyme reaction?
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-By changing the shape of the enzyme's activity site
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-Which of the following is most similar in structure to ATP?
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-An RNA nucleotide
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-For the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP + Pi, the free-energy change is -7.3 kcal/mol under standard conditions (1 M concentration of both reactants and products). In the cellular environment, however, the free-energy change is about -13 kcal/mol. What can we conclude about the free-energy change for the formation of ATP from ADP and Pi under cellular conditions?
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-It is about +13 kcal/mol
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Reactants capable of interacting to form products in a chemical reaction must first overcome a thermodynamic barrier known as the reaction's?
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-Activation energy
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When 10,000 molecules of ATP are hydrolyzed to ADP and Pi in a test tube, about half as much heat is liberated as when a cell hydrolyzes the same amount of ATP. Which of the following is the best explanation for this observation?
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-Reactant and product concentrations in the test tube are different from those in the cell
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Based on this information, which of the following is correct ?
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-Succinate is the substrate, and fumerate is the producer
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-When you have a severe fever, what grave consequence may occur if the fever is not controlled?
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-Change in the tertiary structure of your enzymes
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ESSAY: Is the evolution of biological order consistent with the laws of thermodynamics?
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-Evolutionist would say yes
-Defend 1st law "energy cannot be created or destroyed only transferred or transformed" by saying organisms have low entropy in a universe of high entropy
-It is okay for entropy of an organism/system to decrease as long as total entropy of universe increases
-Defend 2nd law "every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe" by saying organisms create order locally but their energy transfers generate waste/heat that increases entropy of universe
-Evolutionists say 2nd law only applies to isolated systems (do not exchange energy or matter w/ its surroundings), living organisms are open systems, sometimes closed, but never isolated
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