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1. Enforce the laws of society in which police are a part 2. Apprehend offenders who participate in crime 3. Prevent crime 4. Preserve domestic peace and tranquility 5. Provide the community with needed enforcement-related services

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The basic purposes of policing in democratic societies

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Federal State Local criminal laws

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Collectively speaking, police agencies are the primary enforcers of what kinds of laws?

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Answering nonemergency public service calls, controlling traffic, or writing tickets

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How do most police officers spend the majority of their time?

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10-20%

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What percent of all calls to the police involve situations that actually require a law enforcement response (situations that might lead to an arrest or eventual prosecution)?

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Crime Prevention

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-The anticipation, recognition, and appraisal of a crime risk and the initiation of action to eliminate or reduce it -Police act before a crime happens, thus preventing victimization from occurring -Working to reduce the public's fear of crime -Ex. Securing valuables, limiting accès to sensitive areas, monitoring the activities of suspicious people, etc.

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Crime prevention techniques

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-Access control (including barriers to entry and exit) -surveillance (such as video surveillance) -Theft-deterrence devices (locks, alarms, tethers, etc) -Security lighting -Visibility landscaping

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Crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED)

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A tool that can be used by crime-prevention specialists, including architects and public-safety consultants

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Crime prevention programs

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-Organized efforts that focus resources on reducing a specific form of criminal threat -Depend on community involvement, an open flow of information, and public education about risks and possible prevention measures

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when and where crimes will occur.

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Law enforcement's ability to prevent crimes relies in part on the ability of police planners to predict...

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Effective prediction

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Limited place resources can be assigned to the areas with the greatest needs

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CompStat

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-One technique for predicting criminal activity -A crime-analysis and police management process built on crime mapping that was developed by the NYPD in the mid-1990s

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Peacekeeping

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-Virtually limitless police activity involving not only activities that violate the law (and hence the communities' peace) but many other activities as well -Ex. Supervising parades, public demonstrations, and picketing strikers

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When his or her beat is quiet, "meaning there are no complaints about loiterers or traffic flow, and commerce is supported."

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When is an officer doing a good job?

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Quality-of-life offenses

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-Focus of many police departments as a crime reduction and peacekeeping strategy -A minor violation of the law (sometimes called a petty crime) that demoralizes community residents and business people -Involve acts that create physical disorder (excessive noise, vandalism, etc.) or that reflect social decay (panhandling, prostitution, etc.)

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Broken Windows model

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-Model of policing that is a similar approach to keeping the police -Based on the notion that physical decay, such as litter and abandoned buildings, can breed disorder in a community and can lead to a crime by signaling that laws are not being enforced -Suggests that by encouraging the repair of rundown buildings and controlling disorderly behavior in public spaces, police agencies can create an environment in which serious crimes cannot easily flourish

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1. Federal 2. State 3. Local

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3 major legislative and judicial jurisdictions exist in the US and each has a variety of police agencies to enforce its laws

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-To serve as the investigative arm of the US department of justice -Motivated by the inability of other agencies to stem the rising tide of American political and business corruption

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What was the original purpose of the FBI?

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Legats

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-Legal attache offices the FBI operates in major citrus about the world, including London and Paris -Permit the international coordination of enforcement activities and facilitate the flow of law enforcement-related info between the FBI and police agencies and host countries

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Combined DNA Index System (CODIS)

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-Operated by the FBI -Computerized forensic database of DNA profiles of offenders convicted of serious crimes (such as rape, other sexual assaults, murder, and certain crimes against children) as well as DNA profiles -Can rapidly identify a perpetrator when it finds a match between an evidence sample and a stored profile

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FBI's Counterterrorism Unit

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-Collects, analyzes, and shares info and critical intelligence with various federal agencies and departments and law enforcement agencies throughout the country -Emphasized at every field office, resident agency, and Legat -Consists of a national threat warning system, Flying Squads, and The Joint Terrorism Task Force (JTTF)

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Centralized model of state law enforcement

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-The tasks of major criminal investigations are combined with the patrol of state highways -Assist local law enforcement departments in criminal investigations when asked to do so -Operate a centralized identification bureau -Maintain a centralized criminal records repository -Patrol the state's highways -Provide select training for municipal and county officers

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Decentralized model of state law enforcement

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-Characterizes operations in the southern US but is found as well in the midwest and some western states -Draws a clear distinction between traffic enforcement on state highways and other state-level law enforcement functions by creating at least two separate agencies -States that use this model usually have a number of other adjunct state-level law enforcement agencies

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NYPD

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What is the nation's largest law enforcement agency?

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Municipal police departments

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-Law enforcement agencies that are under the control of local government -City or town-based -Many are small and utilize part-time officers -Holds jursidiction

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The mayor or city council

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How are city police chiefs usually appointed?

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Sheriffs (Departments)

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-The elected chief officer of a county law enforcement agency -Usually responsible for law enforcement in unincorporated areas that lie between municipalities -Operate of the county jail -Have jurisdiction throughout the county and in some areas they routinely work alongside municipal police to enforce laws within the towns and cities -Generally responsible for serving court papers, including civil summons, and for maintaining security within state courtrooms -Run county jails and are responsible for more detainees awaiting trial than any other type of law enforcement department in the country

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Fusion center

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-A multiagency law enforcement facility designed to enhance cooperative efforts through a coordinated process for collecting, sharing, and analyzing info in order to develop actionable intelligence -Can be defined as a "collaborative effort of two or more agencies that provide resources, expertise, and info to the center with at the goral of maximizing their ability to detect, prevent, investigate, and respond to criminal and terrorist activities." -Activities are not uniform

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Private protective services

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-The independent or proprietary commercial organizations that provide protective services to employers on a contractual basis -Work for corporate employers and secure private interests

question

1. An increase of crimes in the workplace 2. An increase of fear (real or perceived) of crime and terrorism 3. The fiscal crises of the states, which have limited public protection 4. An increased public and business awareness and use of more cost-effective private security products and services

answer

Major reasons for quick growth of the American private security sector

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International Criminal Police Organization (Interpol)

answer

-An international law enforcement support organization that began operations in 1964 and today has 182 member nations -Linked to all major US computerized criminal report repositories -Primary purpose is to act as a clearinghouse for info on offenses and suspects who are believed to operate across national boundaries -Facilitates, coordinates, and encourages police cooperation as a means of combating international crime

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US National Central Bureau (USNCB)

answer

-US Interpol unit -Separate agency within the US Department of Justice

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1984

answer

When did Interpol officially enter into the fight against international terrorism?

question

Budapest Anti-Terrorism Resolution

answer

-Adopted by Interpol in 2001 -Calls for greater police cooperation in fighting international terrorism

question

European Police Office (Europol)

answer

-The integrate police intelligence-gathering and info-disseminating arm of the member nations of the European union -Mission is to improve effectiveness and cooperation of law enforcement agencies within the member states of the European Union, with the ultimate goal of preventing and combating terrorism, illegal drug trafficking, illicit trafficking in radioactive and nuclear substances, illegal money laundering, trafficking in human beings, and other serious forms of international organized crime

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Police Management

answer

-The administrative activities of controlling, directing, and coordinating police personnel, resources, and activities in the service of crime prevention, the apprehension of criminals, the recovery of stolen property, and the performance of a variety of regulatory and helping services

question

Line Operations

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-In police organizations, the field activities or supervisory activities directly related to day-to-day police work -Authority flows from top to bottom down in a clear, unbroken line -Sno supporting elements exist (media relations, training, fiscal management divisions, etc.)

question

Staff Operations

answer

-In police organizations, the activities (such as administration and training) that provide support for line operations

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Chain of Command

answer

-The unbroken line of authority that extends through all levels of an organization, from the highest to the lowest -Clarifies who report to whom -Must be very firmly established within a department -Quasi-military hierarchy

question

Span of control

answer

-The number of police personnel or the number of units supervised by a particular officer -Ex. One officer may be in charge of five or six officers

question

1. Political era 2. Reform era 3. Community policing era 4. New era

answer

4 epochs of American policing

question

Political era

answer

-1st epoch of American policing -1840s-present -Characterized by close ties between police and public officials -Police agencies tended to serve the interests of powerful politicians and their cronies, public order and order maintenance services almost as an afterthought

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Reform era

answer

-2nd epoch of American policing -1930-1970s -Characterized by pride in professional crime fighting -Police agencies focused most of their resources on solving "traditional" crimes, such as murder, rape, and burglary, and on capturing criminals

question

Community policing era

answer

-3rd epoch of American policing -1970s-today -Contemporary American policing -Stresses the service role of police officers and envisions a partnership between police agencies and their communities

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New era

answer

-4th epoch of American policing -2001-today -Appeared only recently and is still evolving -Securing the homeland -Grown out of national concerns with terrorism prevention born of the 9/11 terrorist attacks -Emphasis on intelligence-led policing

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How a particular agency sees its purpose and chooses the methods it uses to fulfill that purpose

answer

What does a stele of policing describe?

question

1. Watchman style 2. Legalistic style 3. Service style

answer

3 policing styles

question

Watchman style

answer

-Style of policing -Marked by a concern for order maintenance -Characteristic of lower-class communities where informal police intervention ("roughing up", threats, persuasions, etc.) in the lives of residents is employed in the service of keeping the peace -Controlling illegal and disruptive behaviors

question

Legalistic style

answer

-Style of policing -Strict concern for enforcing the precise letter of the law -May take a hands-off approach to disruptive or problematic behavior that does not violate the criminal law -Ex. An officer who tickets someone for going 71 in a 70 mph zone -Routinely avoid community disputes arising from violations of social norms that do not break the law -Hands off approach to behaviors that are simply bothersome or inconsiderate of community principles

question

Service style

answer

-Style of policing -Concern with helping rather than strict enforcement -More likely to refer citizens to community resources, such as drug-treatment programs, than other types of agencies -Police see themselves more as helpers than as soldiers in the "war on crime"

question

By agreeing not to to prosecute law violators who seek psychiatric help or who voluntarily participate in programs such as AA, family counseling, or drug treatment

answer

How might a prosecutor support the service style of policing?

question

Police-Community Relations (PCR)

answer

-Became popular in the 1960s and 1970s -An area of police activity that recognizes the need for the community and the police to work together effectively and is based on the notion that the police derive their legitimacy from the community they serve -Represented a movement away from an exclusive police emphasis on the apprehension of law violators and meant increasing the level of positive police-citizen interaction

question

Team Policing

answer

-The reorganization of conventional patrol strategies into "an integrated and versatile police team assigned to a fixed district" -Extension of the PCR movement -Officers are assigned semipermanently to particular neighborhoods, where they are expected to become familiar with the inhabitants and with their problems and concerns -Crimes are investigates and solved at the local level -Officers are given considerable authority to process complaints

question

make referrals to interpersonal problems to agencies such as AA, domestic violence centers, and drug-rehab rather than make arrests

answer

Because service calls far exceed calls directly related to law violations, most officers often...

question

1. Strategic policing 2. Problem-solving policing 3. Community policing

answer

3 generic kinds of "corporate strategies" guide American policing

question

Strategic Policing

answer

-Service style strategy of policing -Retains the traditional police goal of professional crime fighting but enlarges the enforcement target to include nontraditional kinds of criminals, such as serial offenders, gangs and criminal associations, drug-distribution networks, and sophisticated white-collar and computer criminals -Generally makes use of innovative enforcement techniques, including intelligence operations, undercover stings, electronic surveillance, and sophisticated forensic methods -Emphasizes an increased capacity to deal with crimes that are not well controlled by traditional methods

question

Problem-solving Policing

answer

-Service style strategy of policing -Assumes that many crimes are caused by existing social within the community and that crimes can be controlled by uncovering and effectively addressing underlying social problems -Makes use of community resources, such as counseling centers, welfare programs, and job-training facilities. -Also attempts to involve citizens in crime prevention through adduction, negotiation, and conflict management

question

Community Policing

answer

-Service style strategy of policing -Described as a partnership between the police and the community, so that they can work together on solving problems of crime and disorder -A philosophy that promotes organizational strategies, which supports the systematic use of partnerships and problem-solving techniques, to proactively address the immediate conditions that give rise to public safety issues such as crime, social disorder, and fear of crime -Community members and the police are expected to share responsibility for establishing and maintaining peaceful neighborhoods -Allows community members too to participate more fully than ever before in defining the police role

question

extensive police work (detective division)

answer

While some offenders are apprehended during the commission of a crime or immediately afterward, many are only caught as the result of...

question

1. CompStat 2. CrimeStat

answer

What police scanners to police rely most on to predict crime?

question

Reverse 911

answer

-The police can call everyone within a certain area and warn them of a risk -Ex. If a train derails and there are toxic gases in the air, the police can call everyone in the immediate areas and warn them

question

11

answer

How many federal law enforcement agencies are distributed among government services?

question

"The mission of the FBI is to protect and defend the United States against terrorists and foreign intelligence threats, to uphold and enforce the criminal laws of the United States, and to provide leadership and criminal justice services to federal, state, municipal, and international agencies and partners."

answer

The mission statement of the FBI

question

1. Protecting the United States from terrorist attacks 2. Protecting the United States against foreign intelligence operations and espionage 3. Protecting the United States against cyber-based attacks and high- technology crimes 4. Combating public corruption at all levels 5. Protecting civil rights 6. Combating transnational and national criminal organizations and enterprises 7. Combating major white-collar crime 8. Combating violent crimes that have wide impact 9. Supporting federal, state, local, and international partners 10. Upgrading technology to perform the FBI's mission successfully

answer

FBI's priorities

question

Texas Rangers

answer

What was the first state agency developed?

question

To meet specific needs

answer

Why were state agencies established?

question

1. Municipal departments (biggest agency) 2. Sheriffs departments 3. Specialized groups, like campus police and transit police

answer

Local agencies include...

question

True

answer

T or F: Any municipality can create its own police department

question

Sheriff Department

answer

What law enforcement agency is the only one part of all three segments of CJS?

question

1. Line operations 2. Staff operations

answer

Law enforcement agencies are formally structured among divisions and lines of authority. Roles within policing generally fall into one of the two categories...

question

7-10

answer

How many officers should a sergeant have a span of control over?

question

1. Community-based crime prevention 2. Reorientation of patrol activities to emphasize non-emergency services 3. Increased police accountability to the public 4. A decentralization of command, including greater use of civilians at all levels of police decision making

answer

Community policing involves at least one of four elements...

question

-Too abstract of a concept -Hard-to-measure success -Difficult to conceptualize and quantify "citizen success" -Not readily accepted by all police officers or managers -Difficulty coming to a consensus with regard to what's considered a "community problem"

answer

Some criticize community policing, citing problems such as:

question

-Raise community awareness of suspicious activities, behaviors, and events -Organize meetings emphasizing prevention strategies and vigilance -Inform the community on the means and processes for relaying information to the police -Encourage crime prevention, proactive policing, and close-working relationships between the police and the public

answer

According to the Office for Domestic Preparedness (ODP) of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security community policing can:

question

LEAA

answer

-Dedicated a lot of money to preventing and reducing crime -Spent $8 billion -Abolished in 1982, as the spending did not seem to impact the growing crime rate

question

Scientific police management

answer

-Tradition started by the LEAA -Applying social science techniques to study of police administrating in order to increase effectiveness, reduce citizen complaints, and enhance efficiency

question

Exemplary Projects Program

answer

-Started by the LEAA -Recognized outstanding innovative efforts to combat crime and to provide victims with assistance -Served as examples to other police departments: -Street Crimes Unit (NYC) -The Hidden Cameras Project (Seattle) -The Kansas City Experiment

question

Kansas City Experiment

answer

Tested the use of preventive patrol on crime rates and citizens' fear of crime -Revealed that crime rates were not impacted by preventive patrol. -Revealed that Preventive patrol does not impact fear of crime. -Revealed that Directed patrol is a better way to productively use patrol officers. -Split Kansas City into 25 different "beats" -Pg. 117

question

Directed Patrol

answer

-Involves analyzing control techniques in light of scientific analysis -Better way than preventive patrol to productively use patrol officers -Ex. Varies the number of officers involved in patrolling according to the time of day or the frequency of reported crimes within an area

question

-Background of officer -Characteristics of the suspect -Department policy -Community interest -Pressure from victims -Disagreement with the law -Available alternatives -Personal practice of the officer

answer

Factors that influence the discretionary decisions of individual officers

question

discretion=choice

answer

Even as police agencies adapt to threats posed by terrorism, individual officers still retain a considerable amount of...

question

Evidence-based policing

answer

-The use of the best available research o the outcomes of police work to implement guidelines and evaluate agencies, units, and officers -Uses research into everyday police procedures to evaluate current practices and to guide officers and police executives in future decision making

question

1. Community-based crime prevention 2. Reorientation of patrol activities to emphasize the importance nonemergency services 3. Increased police accountability to the public 4. Decentralization of command, including a greater use of civilians at all levels of police decision making

answer

4 elements of community policing

question

Police discretion

answer

-The opportunity of law enforcement officers to exercise choice in their daily activities -Decisions of investigation and apprehension, the disposition of suspects, the carrying out of official duties, and the application of sanctions -Must be made quickly and in the absence of any close supervision -Of greater significance than all the department manuals and official policy statements combined

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