Ch.24 Sec. 3 – Nationalism Case Study: Italy and Germany – Flashcards
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types of nationalist movements
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unification, separation, state-building
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unification
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mergers of politically divided but culturally similar lands (ex. 19th century Germany & 19th century Italy)
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separation
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culturally distinct group resists being added to a state or tries to break away (ex. Greeks in the Ottoman Empire & French-speaking Canadians)
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state-building
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culturally distinct groups form into a new state by accepting a single culture (ex. The United States & Turkey)
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three aging empires
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the Austrian Empire of the Hapsburgs, the Russian Empire of the Romanovs, and the Ottoman Empire of the Turks
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The Austrian Empire brought together....
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Slovenes, Hungarians, Germans, Czechs, Slovaks, Croats, Poles, Serbs, and Italians
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Who won the Austro-Prussian war?
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Prussia (1866)
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When Prussia won against Austria in the Austro-Prussian War, Prussia gained control of what?
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North German Confederation
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North German Confederation
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a union of Prussia and 21 smaller German political units
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____________ split his empire in half, declaring Austria and Hungary independent states, with himself as ruler of both
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Emperor Francis Joseph of Austria
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When Austria and Hungary became independent states, the empire became known as _________________
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Austria-Hungrary or the Austro-Hungarian Empire
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The empire of czars ruled....
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Russians themselves and over 22 million Ukrainians, 8 million Poles, and smaller numbers of Lithuanians, Latvians, Estonians, Finns, Jews, Romanians, Georgians, Armenians, turks, and others. (each group had its own culture)
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Russification
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the process of forcing Russian culture on all ethnic groups in the Russian Empire. *this strengthened ethnic nationalist feelings and helped to disunity Russia*
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The ruling Turks of the Ottoman Empire controlled....
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Greeks, Slavs, Arabs, Bulgarians, and Armeninas
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the last Romanov czar gave up his power in ______
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1917
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the kingdom of __________, the largest and most powerful of the Italian states.
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Piedmont-Sardinia *adopted a liberal constitution in 1848*
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(1852) Sardinia's king, Victor Emmanuel II named who as prime minister?
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Count Camillo di Cavour
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Count Camillo di Cavour
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-a cunning statesman -worked tirelessly to expand Piedmont-Sardinia's power -used skilled diplomacy and chose alliances to gain control of northern Italy for Sardinia
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What was the greatest roadblock to annexing northern Italy was....?
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Austria
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Who helped Austria to drive out of the northern Italian provinces?
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France
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French-Sardinian army won two quick victories in which Sardinia succeeded in taking all of _________ except Venetia.
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northern Italy
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Giuseppe Garibaldi "The Red One"
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-a bold and visionary soldier -led a small army of Italian nationalists -captured Sicily -in battle, wore bright red shirts and became known as the Red Shirts -agreed to unite the southern areas he conquered with the kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia
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In 1866, the Austrian province of _________ became part of Italy.
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Venetia
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the pope governs a section of Rome called?
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Vatican City
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39 German states formed a loose grouping called?
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the German Confederation
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Before Prussia unified the German states, who controlled the German Confederation?
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The Austrian Empire
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Prussia's advantages to help forge a strong German State
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-Prussia had a daily German population -nationalism unified Prussia (while ethnic groups tore apart Austria-Hungary empire) - Prussia's army was by far the most powerful in central Europe
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Wilhelm I (Frederick William)
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-(1861) succeeded Frederick William -liberal parliament refused to give money to double the strength of his army -his views were supported by junkers -(1862) chose junker, Otto von Bismarck as prime minister
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strong conservative members of Prussia's wealthy landowning class were called?
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Junkers
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Otto von Bismarck
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-junker -chosen by Wilhem I to be prime minister in 1862 -master of realpolitik (his style) -became one of the commanding figures of German history -declared that he would rule without the consent of parliament and without a legal budget (violation of the constitution)
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realpolitik
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"the politics of reality" - the practice of tough power politics without room for idealism
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"It is not by means of speeches and majority resolutions that the great issues of the day will be decided - that was the great mistake of 1848 and 1849 - but by blood and iron" who said this?
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Otto von Bismarck
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(1864) Prussia and Austria formed an alliance and went to war against Denmark to win two border provinces, __________ and ____________.
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Schleswig and Holstein
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Who governed Schleswig?
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Prussia
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Who controlled Holstein?
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Austria
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Bismarck stirred up border conflicts with Austria over Schleswig and Holstein causing Austrians to declare war on Prussia in 1866. This conflict was called?
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Seven Weeks' War
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Seven Weeks' War (aftermath)
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-Prussia was well equipped and humiliated Austria -Prussia won a devastating victory -Austria lost the region of Venetia which was given to Italy -Austria accepted Prussian annexation of more German territory -Prussia took control of northern Germany -eastern and western parts of the Prussian kingdom were joined -(1867) remaining states of the north joined the North German Confederation (Prussia dominated completely)
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majority of southern Germans were ______?
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catholics
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southern german states did not want to be controlled by a __________ Prussia.
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Protestant
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Bismarck vs the French
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-stirred up trouble to get the southern german states to rally them - created the impression that the French ambassador insulted the Prussian king -the French reacted by declaring war on Prussia on July 19,1870 (the Franco - Prussian War) -Prussian army poured into northern France -(Sept. 1870) Prussian army surrounded the main French force at Sedan -83,000 French prisoners included Napoleon III -France withstood a German siege until hunger forced them to surrender
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a German emperor (from the Roman title Caesar)
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kaiser
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(Jan. 18, 1871) at the captured French palace of Versailles, ______________ was crowned kaiser.
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King Wilhem I of Prussia
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Germans called their empire the ____________.
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Second Reich *Holy Roman Empire was the first*
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the Congress of Vienna had established five great powers in Europe which are?
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Britain, France, Austria, Prussia, Russia
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Which two countries were the most powerful militarily and economically in 1871?
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Britain and Germany
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Which two countries were the weakest in 1871?
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Austria and Russia *while France was in the middle when it came to power ranking*
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Which country suffered the most lost territory as a result of the unification of Italy?
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Austria
