Ch. 13: Psychological Therapies – Flashcards

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Therapy
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Treatment methods aimes at making people feel better and function more effectively.
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Psychotherapy
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Therapy for mental disorders in which a person with a problem talks with a psychological professional.
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Insight Therapies
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Psychotherapies in which the main goal is helping people to gain insight with respect to their behavior, thoughts, and feelings.
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Action Therapy
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Psychotherapy for mental disorders in which the main goal is to change disordered or inappropriate behavior directly.
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Biomedical Therapy
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Therapy for mental disorders in which a person with a problem is treated with biological or medical methods to relieve symptoms.
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Psychoanalysis
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An insight therapy based on the theory of Freud, emphasizing the revealing of unconscious conflicts.
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Manifest Content
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In Dream Interpretation: the actual content of one's dream.
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Latent Content
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In Dream Interprestation: the symbolic or hidden meaning of dreams.
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Free Association
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Freudian technique in which a patient was encouraged to talk about anything that came to mind without fear of negative evaluations.
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Resistance
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Occuring when a patient becomes reluctant to talk about a cetain topic, either changing the subject or becoming silent.
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Transference
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In psychoanalysis, the tendency for a patient or client to project positive or negaitve feelings for important people from the past onto the therapist.
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Psychodynamic Therapy
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A newer and more general term for therapies based on psychoanalysis, with an emphasis on transference, shorter treatment times, and a more direct therapeutic approach.
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Nondirective
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Therapy style in which ther therapist remains relatively neutral and does not interpret or take direct actions with regard to the client, instead remaining a calm, nonjudgmental listener while the client talks.
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Directive
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Therapy in which the therapist actively gives interpretations of a client's statements and may suggest certain behavior or actions. Psychoanalysis today is more directive.
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Person-Centered Therapy
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A nondirective insight therapy based on the work of Carl Rogers in which the client does all the talking and the therapist listens.
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Reflection
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Therapy technique in which the therapist restates what the client says rather than interpreting those statements.
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Unconditional Positive Regard
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Referring to the warmth, respect, and accepting atmosphere created by the therapist for the client in person-centered therapy.
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Empathy
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The ability of the therapist to understand the feelings of the client.
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Authenticity
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The genuine, open, and honest response of the therapist to the client.
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Gestalt Therapy
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Form of directive insight therapy in which the therapist help clients to accept all parts of their feelings and subjective experiences such as role-playing. Helps clients deal with things they have denied and will use body language/nonverbal cues to understand the client.
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Today's Humanistic Therapy
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Not based in expermintal research and work best with intelligent, highly verbal persons.
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Behavioral Therapies
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Action therapies based on the principles of classical and operant conditioning and aimed at changing disordered behavior without concern for the original causes of such behavior.
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Behavior Modification/Applied Behavior Analysis
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The use of learning techniques to modify or change undesirable behavior and increase desireable behavior.
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Systematic Desensitization
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Behavior technique used to treat phobias, in which a client is asked to make a list of ordered fears and taught to relax while concentrating on those fears.
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Counterconditioning
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Replacing an old conditioned response with a new one by changing the unconditioned stimulus.
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Aversion Therapy
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Form of behavioral therapy in which an undesirable behavior is paired with an aversive stimulus to reduce the frequency of the behavior.
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Flooding
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Technique for treating phobias and other stress disorders in which the person is rapidly and intensely exposed to the fear-proviking situation or object and prevented from making the usual avoidance or escape response.
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Modeling
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Learning through the observation and imitation of others.
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Participant Modeling
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Technique in which a model demonstrates the desired behavior in a step-by-step, gradual process while the client is encouraged to imitate the model.
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Reinforcement
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The strengthening of a response by following it with a pleasurable consequence or the removal of an unpleasant stimulus.
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Token Economy
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The use of objects called tokens to reinforce behavior in which the tokens can be accumulated and exchanged for desired items or privileges.
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Contingency Contract
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A formal, written agreement between the therapist and client in which goals for behavioral change, reinforcements, and penalties are clearly stated.
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Extinction
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The removal of a reinforcer to reduce the frequency of a behavior.
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Time-Out
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An extinction process in which a person is removed from the situation that provides reinforcement for undesirable behavior, usually by being placed in a quiet corner or room away from poassible attention and reinforcement opportunities.
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Cognitive Therapy
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Therapy in which the focus is on helping clients recognize distortions in their thinking and replace distorted, unrealistic beliefs with more realistic, helpful thoughts.
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Arbitrary Inference
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Distortion of thinking in which a person draws a conclusion that is not based on any evidence.
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Selective Thinking
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Distortion of thinking in which a person focuses on only one aspect of a situation while ignoring all other relevent aspects.
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Overgeneralization
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Distortion of thinking in which a person draws sweeping conclusions based on only one incident or event and applies those conclusions to events that are unrelated to the original.
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Magnification and Minimization
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Distortions of thinking in which a person blow a negative event out of proportion to is important (magnification) while ignoring relevent positive events (minimization).
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Personalization
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Distortion of thinking in which a person takes responsibility or blame for events that are unconnected to the person.
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Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
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Action therapy in which the goal is to help clients overcome problems by learning to think more rationally and logically.
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Three Goals of CBT
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Relieve the symptoms and solve the problems; Develop strategies for solving furture problems; Help change irrational, distorted thinking.
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Rational-Emotive Behavioral Therapy (REBT)
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Cognitive-behavioral therapy in which clients are directly challenged in their irrational beliefs and helped to restructure their thinking into more rational belief statements.
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Family Counseling/Therapy
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A form of group therapy in which family members meet together with a counselor or therapist to resolve problems that affect the entire family.
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Self-Help Groups (Support Groups)
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A group composed of people who have similar problems and who meet together without a therapist or counselor for the purpose of discussion, problem solving, and social and emotional support.
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Eye-Movement Desenitization Reprocessing (EMDR)
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Controversial form of therapy for PTSD and similar anxiety problems in which the client is directed to move the eyes rapidly back and forth while thinking of a disturging memory.
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Eclectic Therapies
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Therapy style that results from combining elements of several different therapy techniques.
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Therapeutic Alliance
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The relationship between therapist and client that develops as a warm, caring, accepting relationship characterized by empathy, mutual respect, and understanding.
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Cultural Barriers to Effective Psychotherapy
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Language; Cultural Values; Social Class; Nonverbal Communication
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Cybertherapy
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Psychotherapy that is offered on the Internet.
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Biomedical Therapies
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Therapies that directly affect the biological functioning of the body and brain.
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Psychopharmacology
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The use of drugs to control or relieve the symptoms of psychological disorders.
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Antipsychotic Drugs
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Drugs used to treat psychotic symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, and other bizarre behavior.
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Antianxiety Drugs
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Drugs used to treat and calm anxiety reactions, typically minor tranquilizers.
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Antimanic Drugs
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Used to treat bipolar disorder and include lithium and certain anticonvulsant drugs.
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Antidepressant Drugs
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Drugs used to treat depression and anxiety.
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Electroconvulsice Therapy (ECT)
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Form of biomedical therapy to treat severe depression in which electrodes are placed on either one or both sides of a person's head and an electric current is strong enough to cause a seizure or convulsion.
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Bilateral ECT
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ECT in which the electrodes are placed on both sides of the head.
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Unilateral ECT
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ECT in which the electrodes are placed on only one side of the head and the forehead.
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Psychosurgery
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Surgery performed on brain tissue to relieve or control severe psychological disorders.
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Prefrontal Lobotomy
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Psychosurgery in which the connections of the prefrontal lobes of the brain to the rear portions are severed.
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Bilateral Cingulotomy
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Psychosurgical technique in which an electrode wire is inserted into the cingulated gyrus area of the brain with the guidance of a magnetic resonance imagine machine for the purpose of destroying that area of brain tissue with an electric current.
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