CH 12 Study Guide – Flashcards
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1. ______________ is a pattern of enduring, distinctive thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that characterize the way an individual adapts to the world.
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personality
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2. According to Sigmund Freud, the ______________ was the main determinant of personality development.
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sex drive
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3. According to the Freudian structure of personality, the id is the: __________
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the individual's reservoir of sexual energy. This "it" is a pool of amoral and often vile urges pressing for expression. In Freud's view, the id has no contact with reality. The id works according to the pleasure principle, the Freudian concept that the id seeks immediate gratification
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4. Carolyn's parents were extremely religious, conservative and brought her up with strict moral codes. She was not permitted to have male friends and even her female friends were not allowed to spend time in their home. In college, Carolyn fell in love and despite her strict upbringing, engaged in premarital sex. In the context of Freud's psychoanalytic theory, which personality structure was most likely responsible for Carolyn's sexual activity in college?
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Id
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5. According to Freud, the ego acts as a mediator because it _______________ the demands of the id, superego, and the real world.
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mediates???
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6. According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the ego abides by the ______________ principle.
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reality
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7. According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the ________________ houses an individual's higher mental functions, such as reasoning, problem solving, and decision making.
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Ego
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8. According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the ________________ evaluates the morality of an individual's behavior.
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superego
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9. As the teenage daughter of divorced parents, Kelly has always been impulsive and thoughtless. After a neardeath experience, she begins considering other people's feelings and feels remorse for her earlier actions. In the context of Freud's psychoanalytic theory, what part of her personality is Kelly is most likely experiencing a strengthening of ? ____________________.
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superego
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10. The Freudian term for the tactics that the ego uses to reduce anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality is ___________________.
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defense mechanisms
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11. Darin was in an automobile accident in which his brother and another passenger were killed. Even though Darin was driving, he survived the accident with only a few bruises. However, he is unable to recall any of the details related to this accident. In the context of Freud's defense mechanisms, Darin's inability to recall the accident best illustrates the defense mechanism of _____________.
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repression
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12. Chad is keen on getting into the best college in the state. However, the college rejects his application. When comforted by his parents, Chad explains that he is not disappointed because if he had been accepted by the college, he would have had to move away from home. In this scenario, Chad's explanation best illustrates the defense mechanism of ____________.
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Rationalization
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13. According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, ____________ occurs when the ego replaces a less acceptable motive with a more acceptable one.
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rationalization
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14. Patrick has been confused about his sexual orientation for a few years. Even though he has had many girlfriends, he often feels attracted to men. However, in college, he strongly opposes the idea of same-sex relationships among his friends. According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, Patrick's supposed homophobia best illustrates the defense mechanism of ______________.
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reaction formation
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15. When the ego seeks the security of an earlier developmental period in the face of stress, the defense mechanism of ___________ is being used.
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regression
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16. When the ego attributes personal shortcomings, faults, and problems to others, it is referred to as the defense mechanism of __________.
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projection
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17. John, who is jealous of his older brother, states that his older brother hates him and is jealous of him. This scenario best illustrates the defense mechanism of __________________.
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Projection
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18. ______________ is the defense mechanism used when the ego shifts feelings toward an unacceptable object to another, more acceptable object.
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Displacement
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20. According to Freud's psychosexual stages of development, castration anxiety occurs during the __________ stage.
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Phallic stage
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21. According to Freud's psychosexual stages of development, the latency period occurs ______________________.
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After the drama of the phallic stage
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22. Thirty-year-old Gayle is addicted to smoking cigarettes. According to Freud's stages of psychosexual development, he is fixated at the __________ stage.
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Oral
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23. Nineteen-year-old Jamie is extremely prudish. According to Freud's stages of psychosexual development, Jamie is fixated at the ____________ stage.
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Anal
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24. Peter smokes four packs of cigarettes every day to deal with his loneliness and daily stress. According to Freud's psychosexual stages of development, Peter's addiction indicates that he is fixated at the ________________ stage.
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Oral???
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25. What are two criticisms levied against Freud's psychoanalytic theory?
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Sexuality is not the pervasive force that Freud believed it to be. Furthermore, the Oedipus complex is not as universal as Freud maintained. Freud's concepts were heavily influenced by the setting in which he lived—turn-of-the-century Vienna, a society that, compared with contemporary society, was sexually repressed and male-dominated.
The first five years of life are not as powerful in shaping adult personality as Freud thought. Later experiences warrant attention.
The ego and conscious thought processes play a larger role in personality than Freud believed. Achievement, thinking, and reasoning are not always tied to sexual impulses.
Sociocultural factors are much more important than Freud believed. In stressing the id's dominance, Freud placed more emphasis on the biological basis of personality. More contemporary psychodynamic scholars have especially emphasized the interpersonal setting of the family and the role of early social relationships in personality development
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26. Alfred Adler's approach was known as _________________ psychology.
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individual
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27. Alfred Adler believed that __________ influenced how successfully a person strived for superiority.
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Birth Order
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28. According to Alfred Adler, people are primarily motivated by their desire to overcome feelings of ___________________.
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inferiorities
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29. What perspective of personality assumes that human nature is basically good?
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humanistic
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30. According to Carl Rogers, __________ means being accepted, valued, and treated supportively regardless of one's behavior.
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Unconditional Positive Regard
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31. According to Rogers, a child who experiences regular punishment from parents and is only rewarded for good behavior is likely to develop an awareness of _______________
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conditions of worth
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32. An important element of Carl Rogers's humanistic theory is _________________ concept.
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self-concept
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33. In psychology, enduring dispositions or lasting personality characteristics are known as ____________________.
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Traits
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34. According to the five-factor model of personality, a person who is incapable of being calm and satisfied with oneself or others is likely to be high on ______________.
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neuroticism ???
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35. Jude is constantly worried. He avoids meeting new people and avoids new situations. He gets anxious if his routine is disturbed and indulges in self-pity. According to the five-factor model of personality, Jude is most likely high on ____________.
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neuroticism
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37. Chris is a bass guitarist in a popular band and enjoys performing on stage. He has a lot of friends and loves to socialize when he is not performing. His home is where all the parties take place and he loves being the center of attention. According to the five-factor model of personality, Chris's specific traits are most reflective of ___________.
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extraversion
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38. According to the five-factor model of personality, a person who is reserved and somber is most likely to be ____________ on extraversion.
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no???
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39. In the five-factor model of personality, ____________ is most closely related to liberal values, tolerance, and creativity.
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Openness to experience
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40. Holly is independent, imaginative, and interested in trying all kinds of new activities and routines. According to the five-factor model of personality, Holly is most likely high on ____________.
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Openness to experience
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41. According to the five-factor model of personality, a person who is generous and altruistic is most likely high on ___________.
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Agreeableness
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42. What is a criticism of the trait theories of personality?
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The trait approach has been faulted for missing the importance of situational factors in personality and behavior
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43. Reciprocal _________________ is related to Bandura's social cognitive theory. Define this term in your own words.
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determinism.
Reciprocal determinism means that the relationships among the person, his or her behavior, and the environment are all two-way streets. The environment can determine a person's behavior, but the person can act to change the environment.
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44. Albert Bandura developed the notion of _____________________ learning
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observational
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45. According to Bandura, __________ is the belief that one has the competence to accomplish a given goal or task and produce positive change.
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SELF-EFFICACY
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46. According to Gray, which brain structure serves as a system for affective style?
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The amygdala, the prefrontal cortex, and the anterior cingulated cortex appear to serve together as a system for affective style.
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47. __________ is the neurotransmitter most closely linked to learning that certain behaviors are rewarding.
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Dopamine
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48. Which neurotransmitter is most closely linked to the personality trait of neuroticism?
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Neuroticism is especially related to a certain serotonin transporter gene and to the binding of serotonin in the thalamus.
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49. Which neurotransmitter is said to be closely linked to the personality trait of extraversion?
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Research has shown that dopamine is a factor in BAS or extraversion
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50. ___________________ is the study of the inherited underpinnings of behavioral characteristics.
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Behavioral genetics
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51. The most commonly used method of measuring personality characteristics is _______________.
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self-report questionnaire
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52. Self-report tests are most closely associated with the _________________ perspective of personality.
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psychoanalytic???
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53. A self-report test that presents many questionnaire items to two groups that are known to be different is called a(n) _______ test.
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empirically keyed test
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54. With regard to personality assessment techniques, ______________ causes problems in self-report assessments.
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social desirability
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55. The most widely used and researched empirically keyed self-report personality test is the __________.
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Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
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56. Which of the following personality assessment techniques features 567 items and provides information on a variety of personality characteristics?
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Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
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57. What is a projective test? Provide two examples.
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A projective test presents individuals with an ambiguous stimulus and asks them to describe it or tell a story about it—in other words, to project their own meaning onto the stimulus. Projective tests are based on the assumption that the ambiguity of the stimulus allows individuals to interpret it based on their feelings, desires, needs, and attitudes.
Rorschach inkblot test & Thematic Apperception Test (TAT),
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58. ____________tests are based on the assumption that the ambiguity of the stimulus allows individuals to interpret it based on their feelings and desires
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Projective
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59. What projective test, which consists of a series of pictures, can be used to study people's unconscious defense mechanisms?
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Rorschach inkblot test
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65. Distinguish between a Type A and Type B behavior pattern.
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Type A: A cluster of characteristics—including being excessively competitive, hard-driven, impatient, and hostile—related to a higher incidence of heart disease.
Type B: A cluster of characteristics—including being relaxed and easygoing—related to a lower incidence of heart disease.
