ch 10 psych – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Unlock answers
question
directly involved in human reproduction
answer
primary sex characteristics
question
develop during puberty and are indirectly involved in human reproduction
answer
secondary sex characteristics
question
female growth spurt begins here and finishes 1 year following the first menstrual cycle
answer
10-12
question
occurs at an average age of about 12 in more developed countries; first menstrual cycle
answer
menarche
question
a change or series of changes that takes place over a long period of time; e.g. increase in height and weight compared to previous generations
answer
secular trend
question
better health and nutrition, stress
answer
speeds up puberty
question
__________ menarches mean more early pregnancies which can cause for negative physical and social impacts
answer
earlier
question
Specialized sweat glands that secrete milk; occurs when the menstrual cycle begins
answer
mammary glands
question
deepening voice, emergence of facial, chest and pubic hair, development of coarser skin texture, large increase in height that continues beyond the growth spurt of females;
answer
secondary male characteristics
question
the male growth spurt occurs about ____ years later than females
answer
2
question
larynx increases in size of both sexes, but for males in increases so much that it creates an _______ ______
answer
adams apple
question
Glands related to sexual characteristics and the processes involved in reproduction
answer
gonads
question
Early embryonic ducts that can develop into male internal genitalia under the proper stimulation (testosterone).
answer
wolffian ducts
question
Earlier embryonic ducts that can develop into femal internal genitalia in the absence of testosterone.
answer
mullerian ducts
question
These are the main male hormones
answer
androgen
question
A sex hormone, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males. In nonhuman female mammals, estrogen levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity.`=
answer
estrogen
question
female
answer
XX chromosome
question
male
answer
XY chromosome
question
a rare occasion in which infants are born with sexual organs that are ambiguous-not clearly male or female
answer
intersexed/intersexual
question
A condition where both ovarian and testicular tissue are found in the same individual; term previously used
answer
hermaphroditism
question
the psychological aspects of being male or female
answer
gender
question
the _______ of ________ affects the expectations of one's culture, the development of one's personality, and one's sense of identity
answer
concept of gender
question
the culture's expectations for behavior of a person who is perceived as male or female, including attitudes, actions, and personality traits associated with a particular gender within that culture.
answer
gender roles
question
the process by which people learn their culture's preferences and expectations for male and female behavior
answer
gender typing
question
(a sense of being male or female) influenced by both biological and environmental factors (in the form of parenting and other child-rearing behaviors).
answer
gender identity
question
it is _________ over which factor, biological or environmental, has a greater influence
answer
controversial
question
most researchers today would agree that ________ has an important role in gender identity at least in certain aspects of gender identity and behavior.
answer
biology
question
in one study, 25 genetically male children who were born with ambiguous genitalia were surgically altered and raised as girls. Now, as older children and teenagers, they prefer to play ______ activities. fourteen of those children have openly declared themselves to be boys.
answer
male
question
Term describing an individual whose sense of gender identity transgresses expected gender categories. gender identity does not always match their external appearance or even the sex chromosomes that determine whether they are male or female
answer
transgendered
question
when a person experiences gender incongruence, feeling that he or she is occupying the body of the other gender, or some alternative gender that is not the same as their assigned gender, and has significant distress about the incongruence.
answer
gender dysphoria
question
prenatal influences and early childhood experiences
answer
possible causes for gender dysphoria
question
people who choose to alter themselves physically through surgery or hormonal treatments.
answer
transsexuals
question
category that mediates between categories; people who are not in specific gender roles; status fairly high; unfortunately ppl. native americans have taken on more homophobic attitudes towards these people
answer
winkte
question
researchers found that the amygdala and hypothalamus areas of the limbic system were more strongly active in men than in women who viewed the pictures. the researchers concluded that the male brain's enhanced reaction might be a product of natural selection, as early human males who could quickly recognize a sexually receptive female would have had a greater opportunity to mate and pass on their genes to their offspring. (biological)
answer
functional magnetic resonance imaging
question
prenatal drugs that may have a male hormone in them may cause girls at first to be tomboys; men are more aroused to visual sexual stimuli bc of natural selection
answer
biological influences
question
pressure to be masculine as a male is even greater for males than the pressure to be female for girls. parents influences on their children's gender typing shows that both parents have an impact, however fathers are almost always more concerned about their sons showing male gender behavior than they are about their daughters showing female gender behavior; culture
answer
environmental influences
question
________ cultures are becoming more nontraditional especially for women. ___________ cultures have more traditional views of gender
answer
individualistic; collectivistic
question
defined as the psychological aspects of being masculine or feminine and is influenced by culture, individual personality, and self-identity
answer
gender
question
sexual characteristics of the genitals, hormonal differences, and possible differences in brain structure and processing
answer
biological influences 1
question
emphasizes learning though observation and imitation of models, attributes gender-role development to those processes.
answer
social learning theory
question
when children imitate the appropriate gender behavior, they are reinforced with ______ attention. Inappropriate gender behavior is either ________ or ____________.
answer
positive;ignored or discouraged
question
often encourages traditional gender roles
answer
media
question
a theory that combines social learning theory with cognitive development; based on the Piagetian concept of schemes. children develop a schema, or mental pattern, for being male or female in much the same way that they develop schemas for other concepts such as "dog" or "bird". As their brains mature, they might be able to distinguish among various concepts. They will identify themselves as boy or girl, and then will notice other members that belong in that schema and organize them in that schema.
answer
gender schema theory
question
infants can discriminate between male and female faces and voices before age 1
answer
gender schema theory evidence
question
concept that can be held about a person or group of people that is based on very superficial characteristics
answer
stereotype
question
concept about males or females that assigns various characteristics to them on the basis of nothing more than being male or female; each gender has positive and negative stereotypes
answer
gender stereotype
question
some researchers believe accepting stereotyping of any kind, including positive stereotyping, can lead to ____________: prejudice about males and females.
answer
sexism
question
prejudice that is more socially acceptable but still leads to men and women being treated unequally; caused by positive stereotypes
answer
benevolent sexism
question
describes a characteristic of people whose personalities reflect the characteristics of both males and females, regardless of gender
answer
androgyny
question
differences in these areas are shown in men and women
answer
cognitive, social, and personality
question
females score _______ on tests of verbal abilities than do males, and males score ________ on tests of mathematical skills and spatial skills
answer
higher; higher
question
studies show that ________ and __________ issues may be more responsible for cognitive differences. e.g. bc girls have less confidence on math abilities, they do worse.
answer
psychological and social issues
question
disparities seem to _________ as society has begun to view the two genders as more equal in ability is taken as a sign that more equal treatment in society has __________ gender difference.
answer
disappear; reduced
question
_______ tend to talk about current events, sports, and other events aka a _______ style of communication that seems to involve switching topics frequently, with attempts to dominate the conservation by certain members of the group
answer
men; report
question
__________ tend to use a _______ style of communication with each other, revealing a lot about their private lives and showing concern and sympathy. They tend to interrupt each other less and let everyone participate in the conversation.
answer
women; relate
question
using fMRI technology, studies found that ______ listen with the left hemisphere only, whereas _______ listen with both hemispheres, suggesting that they pay attention to the tone and emotion of statements as well as the content.
answer
men; women
question
The four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson - excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution; similar in both men and women but not identical
answer
sexual response
question
the return of the body to its normal state before arousal began
answer
resolution
question
period where men cannot achieve another erection, lasting anywhere from several minutes to several hours; the older the man gets, the longer the period is
answer
refractory period
question
phase 1; beginning of sexual arousal/preparation for intercourse (increase in pulse/blood pressure/breathing rate)
answer
excitement
question
studies when, with whom, and under what circumstances sexual acts take place
answer
study of sexual behavior
question
Controversial Indiana University "sexologist" who documented Americans' changing sexual behavior
answer
Alfred Kinsey
question
believed that sexual orientation was not an either/or situation in which one is either completely heterosexual or completely homosexual but instead that sexual orientation is on a continuum (a sequence of values, elements, or behavior that varies by small degrees) with some people falling at either extreme and some falling closer to th middle.
answer
Kinsey
question
in kinseys study, nearly half of _______ but less than 20% of _______ reported having bisexual experiences. more than ____ times as many men as women had intercourse by 16 years of age. Men were ______ likely to report engaging in premarital sex, extramarital sex, and masturbation than were women. 10% of men and 2-6% of women identified themselves as predominately homosexual.
answer
men;women;3; more
question
participants were almost exclusively white, middle class, and college educated. Some claimed that Kinsey gave far more attention to sexual behavior that was considered unusual or abnormal than he did to "normal" sexual behavior. Surveys are highly susceptible to exaggerations, falsifications, and errors bc self-report techniques. face-to-face interviews might cause some people being interviewed to be inhibited about admitting to certain kinds of sexual behavior or others might exaggerate.
answer
criticism over Kinsey
question
the first large-scale study of human sexual behavior since those of Kinsey and colleagues and Masters and Johnson; fewer men reported masturbating in this study than Kinsey's, men were involved in less extramarital sex, women increase in masturbation; very similar to Kinsey's study findings
answer
The Janus Report
question
_________ theory emphasizes that organisms will do what they must to maximize their chances of passing on genetic material to their offspring and that process is different for men and women.
answer
evolutionary
question
Robert Trivers; theory to explain the different sexual behavior of men and women. , What each sex invests-in terms of time, energy, survival risks, and forgone opportunities-to produce and nurture offspring.
answer
parental investment
question
prefer opposite-sex that are younger and prettier, therefore are likely to produce healthy, attractive offspring
answer
men
question
prefer opposite-sex that are older (which means they are likely to have more income and resources), hard workers, and loyal
answer
women
question
_____ are more likely to have multiple sex partners, and _________ are more likely to have fewer partners over their lifetime.
answer
men;women
question
common barriers to sexual activity
answer
health problems and lack of a partner
question
most surveys found that people are sexually active well into their ______
answer
80's
question
people had different ideas as to what actions constitute it as "sex"
answer
sex survey criticism
question
refers to the person's sexual attraction and affection for members of either the opposite or same sex. ; important question: is this the result of learning and experience or is it biological in origin?
answer
sexual orientation
question
the most common sexual orientation in which people are sexually attracted to members of the opposite physical sex; socially acceptable in all cultures
answer
heterosexual
question
sexual attracter to members of one's own sex; hard to get accurate percentages bc people don't want to be judged; 2.3 percent of males and 1.3 percent of females
answer
homosexual
question
may be either male or female and is attracted to both sexes; 1.8 percent of males and 2.8 percent of females
answer
bisexual
question
___ percent identifies themselves as "something else" pointing out the lack of clarity in sexual orientation.
answer
4
question
_______________ adolescents are at higher risk than their heterosexual peers for substance abuse, sexually risky behavior, eating disorders, suicidal thinking, and victimization by others
answer
non-heterosexual
question
states that orientation is a certain way through genetic influences or hormonal influences during pregnancy, the behavior is no more of a choice than whether the infant was born a male or female;
answer
biological sexual orientation
question
if it is ________, then society will no longer be able to expect or demand that homosexuals change their sexual behavior or orientation; homosexuality becomes an issue of diversity rather than socially unacceptable behavior
answer
biological
question
if homosexuality is a product of __________ experiences and upbringing, then it can be assumed to be a behavior that can be changed, placing a burden of choice to be "normal" or "abnormal" squarely on the shoulders of homosexual people.
answer
environmental
question
severe ______ experienced by pregnant women during the second trimester of pregnancy results in a significantly ______ chance of any male children becoming homosexual in orientation.
answer
stress;higher
question
study found that homosexual men and homosexual women respond _______ to a testosterone-based pheromone (glandular chemical) that is secreted in perspiration.
answer
similarly
question
genetic switches that control when, where, and how much of the information in our genes is expressed; there are sex-specific ones that control the sexual characteristics (physical sex organs, sexual identity, and sexual partner preferences) of the fetus during pregnancy
answer
epi-marks
question
the more older brothers a man has, the ______ likely the younger man is to be homosexual in orientation; hypothesis is that the mother of these males develops a kind of "antibody" effect against the Y chromosome and these antibodies pass through the placenta and affect the sexual orientation of the later-born males.
answer
more
question
heterosexual men and homosexual women seemed neurologically _______ when compared to homosexual men and heterosexual women who are neurologically _______.
answer
similar;similar
question
52 percent of identically twin siblings were also gay; compared to 22 percent of fraternal twins and only 11 percent of the adopted brothers and sisters
answer
evidence for genetic influence
question
twin studies are difficult to conduct without the influence of ____________ on behavior; even twins who are raise apart tend to be reared in similar environments, so that influence of learning and experience on sexual orientation cannot be entirely ruled out
answer
environment
question
Bailey determined that about 3/4 of homosexual male adults were _________ boys.
answer
feminine
question
some scientists why homosexuality still exists bc from an evolutionary point of view, if it is genetic, the genes for homosexuality should have been __________ from the gene pool
answer
removed
question
sexual orientation is likely the product of both ________ and _____________; presence of biological foundations has implications for societal definitions of diversity vs. deviance
answer
biology and environment
question
person's sexual attraction and affection for members of the opposite or same sex
answer
sexual orientation
question
pioneered the study of different types of sexual behavior through face-to-face surveys; study was highly controversial; sampling/respresentativeness was questioned
answer
Kinsey
question
examined both normal and deviant sexual behavior; first large-scale survey since Kinsey
answer
Janus Report
question
The Savic et al. 2005 study found that homosexual men responded to a pheromone in the same way as _______ women
answer
heterosexual
question
Robert Triver's theory of parental investment states that a ________ desire to engage in sex at an early age results from _________.
answer
man's;evolution
question
a problem with sexual functioning, or with the actually physical workings of the sex act
answer
sexual dysfunction
question
3 problem areas for sexual dysfunction
answer
sexual interest, arousal, and response
question
sexual dysfunctions that stem from physical sources or disorders
answer
organic
question
sexual dysfunctions related to psychological factors such as worry and anxiety
answer
psychogenic
question
a condition in which the persons either prefers to, or must, achieve sexual arousal and fulfillment through sexual behavior that is unusual or not socially acceptable
answer
paraphilia
question
arise when individuals have a paraphilia that is causing distress or impairment to the individual or poses a risk or harm others.
answer
paraphilic disorders
question
cause sexual dysfunctions; e.g illness or side effects from drugs
answer
organic factors
question
negative attitudes toward sexual behavior (strongly conservative and traditional vs. embracing it in India bc women need to bear children for status-type thing); causes sexual dysfunctions
answer
sociocultural factors
question
stemming from either personality problems, traumatic events, or relationship problems; causes sexual dysfunctions
answer
psychological factors
question
female sexual interest/arousal disorder and male hypoactive sexual desire disorder
answer
sexual desire/arousal disorders
question
erectile disorder and genito-pelvic pain/peneteration disorder
answer
physical act disorders
question
pemature ejaculation, female orgasmic disorder, and delayed ejaculation
answer
time or inability to orgasm disorders
question
_____ percent of women and _____ percent of men have at least one sexual dysfunction and the rate increases with age
answer
40-45;20-30
question
medication, psychotherapy, hormone therapy, stress reduction, sex therapy, and behavioral training
answer
sexual dysfunction treatment
question
Masters and Johnson; treatment for premature ejaculation, in which each member of a couple engages in a series of exercises meant to focus attention on his or her own sensual experiences during various stages of sexual arousal and activity
answer
sensate focus
question
male erectile disorder is now commonly treated with _______ therapy.
answer
drug
question
an infection spread primarily through sexual contact
answer
sexually transmitted infection
question
the most common STI and is easily treated but may go undetected in women bc there are few symptoms or no symptoms noticed; bacterial infection that grows within the body's cells
answer
chlamydia
question
if chlamydia is left untreated, it can cause this; a condition that can damage the linking of the uterus and fallopian tubes as well as the ovaries and other nearby structures.
answer
pelvic inflammatory disorder
question
_____ percent of women in the US will develop PID during their childbearing years
answer
10
question
caused by viral infection, specifically HIV; severe malfunction and eventual breakdown of the immune system
answer
AIDS
question
bacterial infection where sores appear on or in genital area and can spread to other body parts and the brain
answer
syphilis
question
bacterial infection that grows rapidly in warm, most areas of the body (mouth, anus, throat, genitalia)
answer
gonorrhea
question
herpes simplex virus; sores on the genital area; itching, burning, throbbing, "pins-and-needles" sensations where sores are about to appear
answer
genital herpes
question
human papillomavirus; warty growths on the genitalia
answer
genital warts
question
wears down the body's immune system, making the body vulnerable to opportunistic infections like AIDS
answer
HIV
question
having unprotected sex of any kind, sharing contaminated needle, syringe, or drug solution, pregnancy, childbirth, and breastfeeding (less common), occupational exposure(accidental need stick injuries or exposure to contaminated blood or other body fluids), blood transfusion or organ transplant (this is extremely rare in US)
answer
HIV transmission
question
nearly ______ __ _______ people suffer from AIDS
answer
half a million
question
over a ______ of a million people in the US are living with HIV but not AIDS, however the CDC believes it to be 1.1 million
answer
quarter
question
reduces symptoms and can delay progression of HIV to AIDS
answer
highly active antiretroviral therapy
question
genital warts
answer
HPV causes
question
annika's mother wants her daughter to grow up to become a mother to a large family. such an expectation for annika might be seen as an example of her....
answer
gender role
question
the idea that homosexuality evolved as a way to aid the continuation of the homosexual person's genes through the nurturance of other family members, such as nieces and nephews, is called the ______ _______ hypothesis.
answer
kin selection
question
ultimately affect the brain
answer
syphilis can
Get an explanation on any task
Get unstuck with the help of our AI assistant in seconds
New