ch 10 psych – Flashcards
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directly involved in human reproduction
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primary sex characteristics
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develop during puberty and are indirectly involved in human reproduction
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secondary sex characteristics
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female growth spurt begins here and finishes 1 year following the first menstrual cycle
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10-12
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occurs at an average age of about 12 in more developed countries; first menstrual cycle
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menarche
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a change or series of changes that takes place over a long period of time; e.g. increase in height and weight compared to previous generations
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secular trend
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better health and nutrition, stress
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speeds up puberty
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__________ menarches mean more early pregnancies which can cause for negative physical and social impacts
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earlier
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Specialized sweat glands that secrete milk; occurs when the menstrual cycle begins
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mammary glands
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deepening voice, emergence of facial, chest and pubic hair, development of coarser skin texture, large increase in height that continues beyond the growth spurt of females;
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secondary male characteristics
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the male growth spurt occurs about ____ years later than females
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2
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larynx increases in size of both sexes, but for males in increases so much that it creates an _______ ______
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adams apple
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Glands related to sexual characteristics and the processes involved in reproduction
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gonads
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Early embryonic ducts that can develop into male internal genitalia under the proper stimulation (testosterone).
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wolffian ducts
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Earlier embryonic ducts that can develop into femal internal genitalia in the absence of testosterone.
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mullerian ducts
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These are the main male hormones
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androgen
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A sex hormone, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males. In nonhuman female mammals, estrogen levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity.`=
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estrogen
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female
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XX chromosome
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male
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XY chromosome
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a rare occasion in which infants are born with sexual organs that are ambiguous-not clearly male or female
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intersexed/intersexual
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A condition where both ovarian and testicular tissue are found in the same individual; term previously used
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hermaphroditism
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the psychological aspects of being male or female
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gender
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the _______ of ________ affects the expectations of one's culture, the development of one's personality, and one's sense of identity
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concept of gender
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the culture's expectations for behavior of a person who is perceived as male or female, including attitudes, actions, and personality traits associated with a particular gender within that culture.
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gender roles
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the process by which people learn their culture's preferences and expectations for male and female behavior
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gender typing
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(a sense of being male or female) influenced by both biological and environmental factors (in the form of parenting and other child-rearing behaviors).
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gender identity
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it is _________ over which factor, biological or environmental, has a greater influence
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controversial
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most researchers today would agree that ________ has an important role in gender identity at least in certain aspects of gender identity and behavior.
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biology
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in one study, 25 genetically male children who were born with ambiguous genitalia were surgically altered and raised as girls. Now, as older children and teenagers, they prefer to play ______ activities. fourteen of those children have openly declared themselves to be boys.
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male
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Term describing an individual whose sense of gender identity transgresses expected gender categories. gender identity does not always match their external appearance or even the sex chromosomes that determine whether they are male or female
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transgendered
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when a person experiences gender incongruence, feeling that he or she is occupying the body of the other gender, or some alternative gender that is not the same as their assigned gender, and has significant distress about the incongruence.
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gender dysphoria
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prenatal influences and early childhood experiences
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possible causes for gender dysphoria
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people who choose to alter themselves physically through surgery or hormonal treatments.
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transsexuals
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category that mediates between categories; people who are not in specific gender roles; status fairly high; unfortunately ppl. native americans have taken on more homophobic attitudes towards these people
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winkte
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researchers found that the amygdala and hypothalamus areas of the limbic system were more strongly active in men than in women who viewed the pictures. the researchers concluded that the male brain's enhanced reaction might be a product of natural selection, as early human males who could quickly recognize a sexually receptive female would have had a greater opportunity to mate and pass on their genes to their offspring. (biological)
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functional magnetic resonance imaging
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prenatal drugs that may have a male hormone in them may cause girls at first to be tomboys; men are more aroused to visual sexual stimuli bc of natural selection
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biological influences
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pressure to be masculine as a male is even greater for males than the pressure to be female for girls. parents influences on their children's gender typing shows that both parents have an impact, however fathers are almost always more concerned about their sons showing male gender behavior than they are about their daughters showing female gender behavior; culture
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environmental influences
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________ cultures are becoming more nontraditional especially for women. ___________ cultures have more traditional views of gender
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individualistic; collectivistic
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defined as the psychological aspects of being masculine or feminine and is influenced by culture, individual personality, and self-identity
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gender
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sexual characteristics of the genitals, hormonal differences, and possible differences in brain structure and processing
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biological influences 1
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emphasizes learning though observation and imitation of models, attributes gender-role development to those processes.
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social learning theory
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when children imitate the appropriate gender behavior, they are reinforced with ______ attention. Inappropriate gender behavior is either ________ or ____________.
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positive;ignored or discouraged
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often encourages traditional gender roles
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media
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a theory that combines social learning theory with cognitive development; based on the Piagetian concept of schemes. children develop a schema, or mental pattern, for being male or female in much the same way that they develop schemas for other concepts such as "dog" or "bird". As their brains mature, they might be able to distinguish among various concepts. They will identify themselves as boy or girl, and then will notice other members that belong in that schema and organize them in that schema.
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gender schema theory
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infants can discriminate between male and female faces and voices before age 1
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gender schema theory evidence
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concept that can be held about a person or group of people that is based on very superficial characteristics
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stereotype
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concept about males or females that assigns various characteristics to them on the basis of nothing more than being male or female; each gender has positive and negative stereotypes
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gender stereotype
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some researchers believe accepting stereotyping of any kind, including positive stereotyping, can lead to ____________: prejudice about males and females.
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sexism
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prejudice that is more socially acceptable but still leads to men and women being treated unequally; caused by positive stereotypes
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benevolent sexism
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describes a characteristic of people whose personalities reflect the characteristics of both males and females, regardless of gender
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androgyny
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differences in these areas are shown in men and women
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cognitive, social, and personality
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females score _______ on tests of verbal abilities than do males, and males score ________ on tests of mathematical skills and spatial skills
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higher; higher
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studies show that ________ and __________ issues may be more responsible for cognitive differences. e.g. bc girls have less confidence on math abilities, they do worse.
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psychological and social issues
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disparities seem to _________ as society has begun to view the two genders as more equal in ability is taken as a sign that more equal treatment in society has __________ gender difference.
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disappear; reduced
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_______ tend to talk about current events, sports, and other events aka a _______ style of communication that seems to involve switching topics frequently, with attempts to dominate the conservation by certain members of the group
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men; report
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__________ tend to use a _______ style of communication with each other, revealing a lot about their private lives and showing concern and sympathy. They tend to interrupt each other less and let everyone participate in the conversation.
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women; relate
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using fMRI technology, studies found that ______ listen with the left hemisphere only, whereas _______ listen with both hemispheres, suggesting that they pay attention to the tone and emotion of statements as well as the content.
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men; women
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The four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson - excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution; similar in both men and women but not identical
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sexual response
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the return of the body to its normal state before arousal began
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resolution
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period where men cannot achieve another erection, lasting anywhere from several minutes to several hours; the older the man gets, the longer the period is
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refractory period
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phase 1; beginning of sexual arousal/preparation for intercourse (increase in pulse/blood pressure/breathing rate)
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excitement
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studies when, with whom, and under what circumstances sexual acts take place
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study of sexual behavior
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Controversial Indiana University "sexologist" who documented Americans' changing sexual behavior
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Alfred Kinsey
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believed that sexual orientation was not an either/or situation in which one is either completely heterosexual or completely homosexual but instead that sexual orientation is on a continuum (a sequence of values, elements, or behavior that varies by small degrees) with some people falling at either extreme and some falling closer to th middle.
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Kinsey
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in kinseys study, nearly half of _______ but less than 20% of _______ reported having bisexual experiences. more than ____ times as many men as women had intercourse by 16 years of age. Men were ______ likely to report engaging in premarital sex, extramarital sex, and masturbation than were women. 10% of men and 2-6% of women identified themselves as predominately homosexual.
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men;women;3; more
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participants were almost exclusively white, middle class, and college educated. Some claimed that Kinsey gave far more attention to sexual behavior that was considered unusual or abnormal than he did to "normal" sexual behavior. Surveys are highly susceptible to exaggerations, falsifications, and errors bc self-report techniques. face-to-face interviews might cause some people being interviewed to be inhibited about admitting to certain kinds of sexual behavior or others might exaggerate.
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criticism over Kinsey
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the first large-scale study of human sexual behavior since those of Kinsey and colleagues and Masters and Johnson; fewer men reported masturbating in this study than Kinsey's, men were involved in less extramarital sex, women increase in masturbation; very similar to Kinsey's study findings
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The Janus Report
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_________ theory emphasizes that organisms will do what they must to maximize their chances of passing on genetic material to their offspring and that process is different for men and women.
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evolutionary
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Robert Trivers; theory to explain the different sexual behavior of men and women. , What each sex invests-in terms of time, energy, survival risks, and forgone opportunities-to produce and nurture offspring.
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parental investment
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prefer opposite-sex that are younger and prettier, therefore are likely to produce healthy, attractive offspring
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men
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prefer opposite-sex that are older (which means they are likely to have more income and resources), hard workers, and loyal
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women
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_____ are more likely to have multiple sex partners, and _________ are more likely to have fewer partners over their lifetime.
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men;women
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common barriers to sexual activity
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health problems and lack of a partner
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most surveys found that people are sexually active well into their ______
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80's
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people had different ideas as to what actions constitute it as "sex"
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sex survey criticism
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refers to the person's sexual attraction and affection for members of either the opposite or same sex. ; important question: is this the result of learning and experience or is it biological in origin?
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sexual orientation
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the most common sexual orientation in which people are sexually attracted to members of the opposite physical sex; socially acceptable in all cultures
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heterosexual
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sexual attracter to members of one's own sex; hard to get accurate percentages bc people don't want to be judged; 2.3 percent of males and 1.3 percent of females
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homosexual
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may be either male or female and is attracted to both sexes; 1.8 percent of males and 2.8 percent of females
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bisexual
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___ percent identifies themselves as "something else" pointing out the lack of clarity in sexual orientation.
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4
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_______________ adolescents are at higher risk than their heterosexual peers for substance abuse, sexually risky behavior, eating disorders, suicidal thinking, and victimization by others
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non-heterosexual
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states that orientation is a certain way through genetic influences or hormonal influences during pregnancy, the behavior is no more of a choice than whether the infant was born a male or female;
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biological sexual orientation
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if it is ________, then society will no longer be able to expect or demand that homosexuals change their sexual behavior or orientation; homosexuality becomes an issue of diversity rather than socially unacceptable behavior
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biological
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if homosexuality is a product of __________ experiences and upbringing, then it can be assumed to be a behavior that can be changed, placing a burden of choice to be "normal" or "abnormal" squarely on the shoulders of homosexual people.
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environmental
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severe ______ experienced by pregnant women during the second trimester of pregnancy results in a significantly ______ chance of any male children becoming homosexual in orientation.
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stress;higher
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study found that homosexual men and homosexual women respond _______ to a testosterone-based pheromone (glandular chemical) that is secreted in perspiration.
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similarly
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genetic switches that control when, where, and how much of the information in our genes is expressed; there are sex-specific ones that control the sexual characteristics (physical sex organs, sexual identity, and sexual partner preferences) of the fetus during pregnancy
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epi-marks
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the more older brothers a man has, the ______ likely the younger man is to be homosexual in orientation; hypothesis is that the mother of these males develops a kind of "antibody" effect against the Y chromosome and these antibodies pass through the placenta and affect the sexual orientation of the later-born males.
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more
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heterosexual men and homosexual women seemed neurologically _______ when compared to homosexual men and heterosexual women who are neurologically _______.
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similar;similar
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52 percent of identically twin siblings were also gay; compared to 22 percent of fraternal twins and only 11 percent of the adopted brothers and sisters
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evidence for genetic influence
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twin studies are difficult to conduct without the influence of ____________ on behavior; even twins who are raise apart tend to be reared in similar environments, so that influence of learning and experience on sexual orientation cannot be entirely ruled out
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environment
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Bailey determined that about 3/4 of homosexual male adults were _________ boys.
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feminine
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some scientists why homosexuality still exists bc from an evolutionary point of view, if it is genetic, the genes for homosexuality should have been __________ from the gene pool
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removed
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sexual orientation is likely the product of both ________ and _____________; presence of biological foundations has implications for societal definitions of diversity vs. deviance
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biology and environment
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person's sexual attraction and affection for members of the opposite or same sex
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sexual orientation
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pioneered the study of different types of sexual behavior through face-to-face surveys; study was highly controversial; sampling/respresentativeness was questioned
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Kinsey
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examined both normal and deviant sexual behavior; first large-scale survey since Kinsey
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Janus Report
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The Savic et al. 2005 study found that homosexual men responded to a pheromone in the same way as _______ women
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heterosexual
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Robert Triver's theory of parental investment states that a ________ desire to engage in sex at an early age results from _________.
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man's;evolution
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a problem with sexual functioning, or with the actually physical workings of the sex act
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sexual dysfunction
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3 problem areas for sexual dysfunction
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sexual interest, arousal, and response
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sexual dysfunctions that stem from physical sources or disorders
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organic
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sexual dysfunctions related to psychological factors such as worry and anxiety
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psychogenic
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a condition in which the persons either prefers to, or must, achieve sexual arousal and fulfillment through sexual behavior that is unusual or not socially acceptable
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paraphilia
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arise when individuals have a paraphilia that is causing distress or impairment to the individual or poses a risk or harm others.
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paraphilic disorders
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cause sexual dysfunctions; e.g illness or side effects from drugs
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organic factors
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negative attitudes toward sexual behavior (strongly conservative and traditional vs. embracing it in India bc women need to bear children for status-type thing); causes sexual dysfunctions
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sociocultural factors
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stemming from either personality problems, traumatic events, or relationship problems; causes sexual dysfunctions
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psychological factors
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female sexual interest/arousal disorder and male hypoactive sexual desire disorder
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sexual desire/arousal disorders
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erectile disorder and genito-pelvic pain/peneteration disorder
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physical act disorders
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pemature ejaculation, female orgasmic disorder, and delayed ejaculation
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time or inability to orgasm disorders
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_____ percent of women and _____ percent of men have at least one sexual dysfunction and the rate increases with age
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40-45;20-30
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medication, psychotherapy, hormone therapy, stress reduction, sex therapy, and behavioral training
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sexual dysfunction treatment
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Masters and Johnson; treatment for premature ejaculation, in which each member of a couple engages in a series of exercises meant to focus attention on his or her own sensual experiences during various stages of sexual arousal and activity
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sensate focus
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male erectile disorder is now commonly treated with _______ therapy.
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drug
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an infection spread primarily through sexual contact
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sexually transmitted infection
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the most common STI and is easily treated but may go undetected in women bc there are few symptoms or no symptoms noticed; bacterial infection that grows within the body's cells
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chlamydia
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if chlamydia is left untreated, it can cause this; a condition that can damage the linking of the uterus and fallopian tubes as well as the ovaries and other nearby structures.
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pelvic inflammatory disorder
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_____ percent of women in the US will develop PID during their childbearing years
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10
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caused by viral infection, specifically HIV; severe malfunction and eventual breakdown of the immune system
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AIDS
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bacterial infection where sores appear on or in genital area and can spread to other body parts and the brain
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syphilis
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bacterial infection that grows rapidly in warm, most areas of the body (mouth, anus, throat, genitalia)
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gonorrhea
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herpes simplex virus; sores on the genital area; itching, burning, throbbing, "pins-and-needles" sensations where sores are about to appear
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genital herpes
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human papillomavirus; warty growths on the genitalia
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genital warts
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wears down the body's immune system, making the body vulnerable to opportunistic infections like AIDS
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HIV
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having unprotected sex of any kind, sharing contaminated needle, syringe, or drug solution, pregnancy, childbirth, and breastfeeding (less common), occupational exposure(accidental need stick injuries or exposure to contaminated blood or other body fluids), blood transfusion or organ transplant (this is extremely rare in US)
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HIV transmission
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nearly ______ __ _______ people suffer from AIDS
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half a million
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over a ______ of a million people in the US are living with HIV but not AIDS, however the CDC believes it to be 1.1 million
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quarter
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reduces symptoms and can delay progression of HIV to AIDS
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highly active antiretroviral therapy
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genital warts
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HPV causes
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annika's mother wants her daughter to grow up to become a mother to a large family. such an expectation for annika might be seen as an example of her....
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gender role
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the idea that homosexuality evolved as a way to aid the continuation of the homosexual person's genes through the nurturance of other family members, such as nieces and nephews, is called the ______ _______ hypothesis.
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kin selection
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ultimately affect the brain
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syphilis can
