Ch 10-11 – Microbiology – Flashcards
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| taxonomy |
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| -science of classifying organisms -provides universal names for organisms -provides a reference for identifying organisms |
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| systematics/phylogeny |
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| -study of the evolutionary history of organisms -All Species Inventory (2001-2021) to identify all species of life on Earth |
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| 3 domains |
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| -Bacteria, Archea, Eukarya -based on similarities in rRNA |
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| Archea |
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| -prokaryote -no peptidoglycan -membrane lipids composed of branched carbon chains attached to a glycerol by ether linkage -Methionine -no antibiotic sensitivity -lack rRNA loop -lack common tRNA arm |
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| Bacteria |
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| -prokaryote -peptidoglycan -membrane lipids composed of straight carbon chains attached to glycerol by ester linkage -Formylmethionine -antibiotic sensitive -rRNA loop -common arm of tRNA |
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| Eukarya |
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| -cell wall varies and contains carbs -membrane lipids composed of straight carbon chains attached to glycerol by ester linkage -Met -no antibiotic sensitivity -lack rRNA loop -common arm of tRNA |
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| endosymbiotic theory |
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| -theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts were once seperate prokaryotic organisms and a primitive eukaryotic cell engulfed them and eventually took up permanant residence |
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| identification of prokaryotes |
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| -morphology -differential staining (capsule, spore, Gram) -serology -phage typing -DNA fingerprinting -PCR -nucleic acid hybridization -biochemical tests (oxidase test, lactose fermentation) |
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| oxidase test |
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| -determines whether the bacterium contains cytochrome c oxidase and can use oxygen for energy production with an ETC -all enterobacteriaceae are negative |
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| "bible of bacteria" |
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| Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology |
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| serology |
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| -antibody response to bacteria -slide agglutination test -enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) -western blotting |
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| western blotting |
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| proteins separated by electrophoresis can be detected by their reactions with antibodies |
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| phage typing |
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| susceptibility of bacteria to specific bacteriophages |
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| DNA fingerprinting |
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| -DNA from different organisms treated with the same restriction endonuclease -fragments are separated by electrophoresis -the number and size of restriction fragments generated provide information about their genetic differences differences and similarities |
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| PCR |
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| -allows identification of microorganisms that cannot be cultured by conventional methods -use oligonucleotide primer specific for microorganism tested -increase amount of microbial DNA to a level that allows analysis by gel electrophoresis |
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| examples of PCR |
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| -amplification of 25-40 million year old Bacillus -identification of Hantavirus as causative agent of Hemorrhagic fever -identification of rabies in bats |
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| nucleic acid hybridization and types |
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| -use of labeled DNA fragments specific to a microorganism -southern blotting -DNA chips -Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization |
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| southern blotting |
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| -using fluorescent DNA probes to indicate presence of a microorganism |
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| DNA chips |
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| -thousands of single stranded DNA -potential use in detecting microorganisms in human or environmental sample -ID of cancer genes |
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| Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (FISH) |
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| -DNA or RNA probes specific to a gene of a specific microorganism are labeled with a dye -probe enters the cell and reacts with the gene inside the ribosome -used to determine the identity and abundance of microorganisms in an environment -used to detect bacteria in drinking water or in patient |
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| The Domain Bacteria (8) |
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| -Proteobacteria -Nonproteobacteria Gram-negative bacteria -Gram + bacteria -Planctomycetes -Chlamydiae -Spirochaetes -Bacteroidetes -Fusobacteria |
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| The Phylum Proteobacteria |
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| -from greek god Proteus who could change shape -includes most of the Gram -, chemoheterotrophic bacteria -largest group -wide variety of pathogens (Escherichia, Salmonella) -most are facultative or obligative anaerobes -5 classes |
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| 5 classes of Proteobacteria |
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| alpha, beta, gamma, delta, epsilon |
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| Alphaproteobacteria |
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| -capable of growing on very low level of nutrients -include agriculturally important bacteria, plant and human pathogens |
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| types of Alphaproteobacteria |
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| -Azospirillum -Rhizobium/Bradyrhizobium -Agrobacterium -Rickettsia -Nitrobacter -Purple Sulfur Bacteria |
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| Azospirillum |
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| -soil bacterium living in symbiosis with roots of plants -uses nutrients excreted by plants and fixes atmospheric nitrogen |
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| Rhizobium/Bradyrhizobium |
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| -live in symbiosis with roots of leguminous plants (beans, peas, clover)-nodules |
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| Agrobacterium |
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| -infects plants but does not establish a symbiotic relationship -A. tumefaciens causes crown gall (roots and stem merge) |
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| Rickettsia |
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| -appear as pleomorphic bacillaery or coccobacillus -most are obligate intracellular parasites unable to make own ATP so get it from host -enter host by phagocytosis -R. rickettsii cause Rocky Mt. spotted fever (wood and dog tick transmission) -R. typhi cause typhus |
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| Nitrobacter |
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| with Nitrosomonas, part of nitrogen cycle that provides nitrate to plants |
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| Purple Sulfur Bacteria |
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| -anaerobic photosynthetic -found in deep sediments in lakes and ponds -use bacteriochlorophyll -oxidize reduced sulfur compounds (H2S) to granules of Sulfur -Chromatium is a representative genus |
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| Betaproteobacteria and types |
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| -often use nutrients produced by anaerobic decomposition of organic matter such as hydrogen, ammonia, and methane -Thiobacillus -Spirillum -Bordetella -Neisseria |
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| Thiobacillus |
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| -part of sulfur cycle -obtain energy by oxidizing H2S or S into Sulfates |
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| Spirillum |
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| live in fresh water |
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| Bordestella |
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| -aerobic bacteria -B. pertussis causes whooping cough |
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| Neisseria |
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| -aerobic -lives on and in mucous membranes of mammals -N. gonorrhoeae -N. meningitidis causes meningococcal meningitis |
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| Gammaproteobacteria and types |
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| -largest and most diverse protobacteria -contains several human pathogens -Pseudomonas -Legionella -Vibrio -Escherichia -Salmonella -Proteus -Yersinia -Pasteurella -Haemophilus -Purple nonsulfur |
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| Pseudomonas |
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| -aerobic -very common in soil and other natural environment -P. aeruginosa can infect urinary tract, burns, and wounds - can cause blood infection (sepsis), abscesses, and meningitis -P. syringae is a plant pathogen |
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| More on Pseudomonas |
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| -can grow on soap residues or cap liner adhesives in solution -can grow on antiseptics (like Quaternary Ammonium) -resistant to most antibiotics (porins block entry and efflux pumps) -responsible for 10% nosocomial infections -can grow at refrigerator temps |
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| Legionella |
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| -live in streams, warm water supplies in hospitals -present in cooling towers of air conditioning systems -live within amoebae -L. pneumophila causes Legionaire's disease and Pontiac fever |
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| Vibrio |
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| -slightly curved rod in salt water -v. cholerae causes cholera -transmitted to humans by raw/undercooked shellfish - |
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| Order Enterobacteriales |
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| -all facultative anaerobes -enterics- live in intestinal tracts of humans/animals (presence of fimbriae) -Escherichia -Salmonella -Proteus -Yersinia |
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| Escherichia |
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| -most thoroughly studied of all creatures -lives in human colon -number one cause of urinary tract infection -pathogenic E. coli can cause diarrhea by powerful endotoxins |
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| Salmonella |
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| -lives in intestine -cause human gastrointestinal upsets -foodborne illness (poultry, eggs) -S. enterica - all infectious to warm blooded animals -2400+ serotypes (classfication based on surface antigens) -S. enterica tymphimurium causes typhoid fever |
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| Proteus |
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| -cycle of reduced motility to swarmer cells with many flagella -P. mirabilis and P. vulgaris cause urinary tract infection and wounds |
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| Yersinia |
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| -Y. pestis cause bubonic plague -usually transmitted to humans by bite of infected flea |
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| Order Pasteurellales |
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| -all non motile -human/animal pathogens |
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| Pasteurella |
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| -pathogens of domestic animals (sepsis in cattle, fowl cholera, pneumonia) -P. multocida can be transmitted to humans by dog/cat bites -in salva of Komodo dragons |
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| Haemophilus |
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| -lives in mucous membranes of upper respiratory tract, mouth, vagina, intestinal tract -requires heme from blood to synthesize parts of the cytochrome system -H. influenzae causes bacterial meningitis, ear infections, pneumonia |
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| purple nonsulter bacteria |
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| -anaerobic photosynthetic found in deep sediments of lakes and ponds -can also use organic compounds -use bacteriochlorophyll -Rhodospirillum is representative genus |
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| Deltaproteobacteria |
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| -mostly aerobic -Bdellovibrio -Desulfovibrio -Myxococcus |
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| Bdellovibrio |
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| -attacks other G- bacteria by attaching itself and reproducing in periplasm (b/w plasma membrane and outer membrane) - |
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| Desulfovibrio |
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| -present in anaerobic sediments and in intestinal tracts of humans and animals -sulfur and sulfate reducing |
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| Myxococcus |
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| -move by gliding -produce a number of antibiotics and other biochemically important chemicals -can aggregate into fruiting bodies when food is scarce |
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| Epsilonproteobacteria |
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| -Campylobacter -Helicobacter |
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| Campylobacter |
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| -micro-aerophilic -C. jejuni leading cause of foodborne intestinal disease-produce a toxin that prevents cells from dividing and activating immune system |
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| Helicobacter |
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| -micro-aerophilic -only known bacterium that can live in harsh pH of stomach -survives by taking up urea and turning into ammonia to neutralize acid -H. pylori common cause of peptic ulcers and stomach cancer |
