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Third planet from the Sun; largest of the terrestrial planets in the Solar System in diameter, mass and density. Supports life (hydrosphere, lithosphere, atmosphere)

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Earth

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The Solar System; the Sun and all the objects in orbit around it. Any collection of heavenly bodies including a star or binary star, and any lighter stars, brown dwarfs, planets, and other objects in orbit.

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Solar system

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The Sun is a huge, glowing ball at the center of our solar system. The sun provides light, heat, and other energy to Earth. The sun is made up entirely of gas. The energy of the sun comes from nuclear fusion reactions that occur deep inside the sun's core.

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Sun

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A continuous stream of charged particles emitted from the Sun;can reach speeds 800 kilometers per second.

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Solar wind

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Magnetic storms on the Sun's surface which show up as a sudden increase in brightness.

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Solar flares

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The point upon which a planet turns

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Axis

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When the surface of earth faces the sun

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Day

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When the surface of earth points away from the sun

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Night

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Daily changes in ocean height due to gravitational attraction between the Earth and the moon.

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Tides

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The Moon goes out of view as it moves into the Earth's shadow; occurs during the Full Moon phase.

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Lunar eclipse

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Event in which the view of the Sun is blocked by the Moon during a New Moon phase, when the Moon's shadow reaches the Earth.

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Solar eclipse

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The gas layer surrounding the Earth

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Atmosphere

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A type of motion in gas or liquid when there is a temperature difference between separate regions. Warm air rises cool air sinks, this allows heat exchange.

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Convection

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The transfer of heat through gas through direct contact, (ex. Heating water bottom of pot is hot.)

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Conduction

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The transfer of energy through a vacuum; the way in which the Sun supplies the Earth with energy.

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Radiation

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Puffy, cotton-like clouds formed by rising air.

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Cumulus clouds

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Layered, sheet-like clouds, usually associated with warm fronts and found at lower altitudes.

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Stratus clouds

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Very high clouds formed by ice crystals; look like feathers; usually associated with fair weather.

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Cirrus clouds

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Large masses of air at the surface of the Earth with similar characteristics of temperature and humidity throughout the mass.

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Air masses

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The boundary between two air masses.

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Front

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The short term state of the atmosphere at a specific time and place, including the temperature, humidity, cloud cover, precipitation, wind, etc.

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Weather

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The effect that large ocean bodies have on the climate of locations or regions. This effect results in a lower range in surface air temperature at both daily and annual scales.

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Maritime Effect

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The overall temperature, precipitation, and weather conditions for an area.

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Climate

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Band of fast-moving air in the upper troposphere.

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Jet stream

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Maps that shows the weather in a specific area at a specific point in time.

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Weather maps

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The application of science and technology to predict the state of the atmosphere for a future time and a given location

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Weather forecasting

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Lithosphere (the rocks of the earth), hydrosphere (the waters of the Earth); the atmosphere (the gases that surround the Earth); and, the biosphere (the life on Earth).

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Earth systems

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Nonrenewable energy sources, such as oil, gas, or coal, derived from fossils; consist primarily of hydrocarbons.

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Fossil fuels

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Energy sources or other natural resources that are replenished shortly after being used.

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Renewable resources

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Natural resources that cannot be replenished for millions of years, if at all.

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Nonrenewable resources

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Systems formed from the interactions between communities and their physical environments.

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Ecosystems

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The use of zones of land for specific needs. (farming, industry, reserve) aims to alleviate pollution.

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Land use management

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The wise use of water with methods ranging from more efficient practices in farm, home and industry to capturing water for use through water storage or conservation projects.

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Water conservation

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Substances that harm living organisms or the environment.

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Pollution

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The hydrologic system, working with terrestrial systems, working with atmospheric systems.

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Interacting systems

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An overall increase in world temperatures which may be caused by additional heat being trapped by greenhouse gases.

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Global warming

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A material safety data sheet is a form with data regarding the properties of a particular substance.

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MSDS

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National Associations of Biology Teachers

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NABT

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Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms with the exception of some viruses. The main role of DNA molecules is the long-term storage of information. DNA is often compared to a set of blueprints, like a recipe or a code, since it contains the instructions needed to construct other components of cells, such as proteins and RNA molecules.

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DNA

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National Institute of Health is an organization that provides money for science research.

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NIH

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Outermost layer surrounding the Sun.

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Corona

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A small celestial body composed of rock and metal that moves around the sun; it has increasingly come to particularly refer to the small rocky and metallic bodies of the inner Solar System and out to the orbit of Jupiter.

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Asteroid

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A mass of frozen gases, ice, and rock that orbits the Sun.

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Comet

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A rock fragment orbiting in the solar system.

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Meteoroid

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The curved path of movement an object follows as it travels through space.

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Trajectory

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The scientific method is a widely recognized series of steps that a scientist undertakes to answer a question and acquire knowledge about nature.

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Scientific Method

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The energy of an object in motion

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Kinetic Energy

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The stored energy of an object. The stored energy can be a result of position or height above the Earth's surface, the amount of stretching or compression of an elastic object like a spring or rubber band.

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Potential Energy

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Mechanical energy is the sum of kinetic energy and potential energy of an object

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Mechanical Energy

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The energy that occurs as a result of the bonds of chemicals. An excellent source of chemical energy is food.

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Chemical energy

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Also known as heat, is the energy that occurs as a result in temperature difference.

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Thermal Energy

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The energy that occurs as a result of sound

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Sound Energy

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The energy that occurs as a result of light

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Light Energy

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The energy that occurs as a result of the sun

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Solar Energy

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Energy that occurs as a direct result of moving electric charges

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Electrical Energy

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Basic structure of living things that represents the primary level of organization in multicellular organism

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Cells

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Groups of similar cells that perform specific functions

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Tissues

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Group of tissues that perform specific functions

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Organs

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Groups of organs that work together to perform specific functions

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Organ Systems

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It refers to the ways of processing information and developing self awareness as it relates to the exploration of the environment though movement, sight, sound, and taste.

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Cognitive Process

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Are abnormal conditions of the body or mind that cause discomfort or distress to a body part, an organ, or the entire system.

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Diseases

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Features that make up the earth's surface such as a plain, mountain, or valley.

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Landforms

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Features that make up the earth's surface such as oceans, rivers, lakes, tides and so on.

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Water Forms

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Listed from earth up: (1) troposphere (2) stratosphere (3) mesosphere (4) ionosphere (5) thermosphere

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Earth's Atmosphere

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(1)cooling causes precipitation (rain, sleet, snow, hail) to fall (2)water collects in lakes, streams, rivers, oceans, etc. (3)evaporation due to heat

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Water Cycles

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Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto. Here's a way to help you remember the order of the planets: My very elegant mother just served us nine pizzas.

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Planets of the Solar System

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Inner core, outer core, mantle, crust.

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Sections of the Earth

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Mammary glands, lungs, hair, high metabolic rate/high body temperature.

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Traits of Mammal

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Muscle, nerve, epithelial, connective, blood.

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Type of Tissues

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Digestive, circulatory, respiratory, excretory, nervous, reproductive, endocrine, skin , skeletal, muscular.

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Body Systems

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Plants go through a process of evaporation through their stomata in their leaves of excess water.

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Transpiration

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The method that plants use to transport various materials within themselves.

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Capillary Action

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Animals, plants, protista (viruses and slime molds), monera (bacteria and algae), fungi.

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Five Kingdoms

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Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species.

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Classification system for living things

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Kinetic, potential, thermal or heat energy, chemical energy, electrical, electrochemical, electromagnetic (light), sound, nuclear.

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Forms of Energy

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Red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet.

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Visible Spectrum

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The work done by an agent exerting a constant force along the direction of the displacement and causing a displacement; equals force x (times) distance the object moves.

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Work

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It takes place through a four-stage process: egg, larva (also called a caterpillar), pupa, and adult.

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Metamorphosis of the Butterfly

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The point at which a nerve impulse passes from an axon of one neuron to dendrite of another neuron

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Synapse

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The core of a nerve fiber that sends out messages from a neuron

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Axon

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A thread-like projection of a neuron that receives incoming messages

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Dendrite

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A nerve cell

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Neuron

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Best scale for helping students understand the concept of mass

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(2-pan) Balance Scale

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Species that eat both plants and animals as their primary food source

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Omnivores

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Species that eat animals as their primary food source

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Carnivores

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Species that eat plants as their primary food source

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Herbivore

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The factor that most influences the change of seasons

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The tilt of the Earth's axis

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Through the process of respiration, animals benefit the ecosystem by providing carbon dioxide needed by plants.

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The process of respiration

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One of the main goals of using the inquiry method in science education is to encourage students to understand the process by which scientific hypothese are generated and tested.

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The Inquiry Method

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A grid-like diagram used to help predict the results of genetic crosses

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Pungent Square

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A unit of heredity located on chromosomes; determines what will be passed on by heredity.

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Gene

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A body in the cell nucleus that is a bearer of genetic information

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Chromosomes

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The study of inheritable characteristics

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Genetics

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The transmission of characteristics from parents to offspring

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Heredity

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The process by which green plants use sunlight as a source of energy to convert carbon dioxide and water in the presence of chlorophyll to sugar with oxygen as a byproduct.

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Photosynthesis

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The point at which the mass of an object appears to be concentrated and the gravitational forces are balanced.

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Center of Gravity

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Any of the basic mechanical devices for applying a force

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Simple Machines

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A collection of cycles, structures, and processes that interact

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System

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To identify which aspects of a new science topic are most difficult for students to understand, it is best to use informal observations and interviews; not surprise quizzes or peer reviews.

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Informal Observation

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Preview activities with students to identify potential hazards and discuss ways to prevent injury (it is best to reinforce appropriate safety procedures than reminding students of science safety rules or posting them in a prominent place).

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Before starting an experiment

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Teaches that children have to build their own scientific knowledge and understanding and that, at each step of science learning, they have to interpret new knowledge in the context of what they already understand.

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Constructivism theory

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Includes asking well-defined questions, formulating testable hypotheses, using appropriate tools and techniques to gather data, analyzing and interpreting information to construct reasonable explanations from direct and indirect evidence, and communicating valid conclusions.

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Scientific Process

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Deserts are characterized by generally high temperatures (although they may be cold during nights and winters), low precipitation, and many adaptations to drought conditions.

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Deserts

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The representation of objects according to how they appear in nature without idealization.

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Realism

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Igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic.

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Three types of rocks

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Rates hardness of rock.

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Mohs Scale

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Large deposits of ice (sometimes many miles across) that can move across an area leaving deep gashes in the earth.

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Glaciers

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Theory that the Earth's surface consists of about 20 plates that move, causing earthquakes, mountain formation, and spreading of areas.

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Plate tectonics

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When people settle new areas they often change their way of doing things in response to new geographic factors or they modify the landscape to suit their needs. As the number of people moving to Texas increased, the settlements spread west. The immigrants built homes of material readily available, including logs or sun-baked mud, thus adapting their lifestyles to match their environment

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Adapted to and Modified

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Annexation is the process of adding something. Representatives of the Republic of Texas recognized several advantages the young nation could gain if it gave up its status as an independent nation and agreed to annexation by the United States. The U.S. Congress passed a resolution to allow annexation on February 28, 1845, with several conditions including the need for Texans to hold a convention and an election to approve annexation and to write and adopt a new state constitution

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Annexation

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