Cell Reproduction – Flashcards

The cell cycle is a series of events that takes place from one cell division to the next. It involves interphase (the longest part), mitosis, and the division of the cell.

Mitosis is the process in which the nucleus divides to form two identical nuclei. Mitosis is described as a series of phases or steps: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase. Mitosis is important because it allows growth and replaces worn out or damaged cells. It is also important because some organisms use mitosis as a way to reproduce.

Prophase- Metaphase- Anaphase- Telophase-

the chromatid pairs are now visible and the spindle is beginning to form.

the chromatid pairs are lined up in the center of the cell.

the chromatids separate.

in the final step, the cytoplasm is beginning to separate.

A chromosome is a structure in the nucleus that contains hereditary material. During interphase (before mitosis) each chromosome duplicates. During mitosis, the chromosomes line up and are separated into two identical cells.

When two sex cells come together. This type of reproduction involves two organisms.

Asexual reproduction is when a new organism is produced from one organism using mitosis and cell division. One example is budding. Budding happens when a new organism grows from the body of a parent organism. When the bud becomes large enough it breaks off to live on its own. Another example is regeneration. Regeneration is the process that uses mitosis and cell division to regrow body parts.

sex cell formed in male reproductive organ!

sex cell formed in female reproductive organ!

the joining of an egg and a sperm!

the cell that forms from fertilization!

Cells that are formed from mitosis; contain 46 chromosomes; examples are body cells (blood cells, skin cells, etc.)

Cells that are formed from meiosis; contain 23 chromosomes; examples are sex cells (sperm and egg cells)

Diploid cells are formed from mitosis and are body cells. Each of these cells have 46 chromosomes. Haploid cells are formed from meiosis and are sex cells. Haploid cells have 23 chromosomes in each cell.

Meiosis produces haploid cells which are used in sexual reproduction. Meiosis is important because if we didn't have a process to provide haploid cells we would not be able to reproduce. If we reproduced using diploid cells then the offspring would have too many chromosomes.

Prophase I- each duplicated chromosome comes near it's duplicated mate. Metaphase I- the pairs of duplicated chromosomes line up in the center of the cell. Anaphase I- the two pairs if chromosomes move away from each other to opposite ends of the cell. Telophase I- the cytoplasm divides and two new cells form. Prophase II- the duplicated chromosomes and spindle fibers reappear in each new cell. Metaphase II- the duplicated chromosomes move to the center of the cell. Anaphase II- the centromere divides and the chromatids separate and move to opposite ends of the cell. Each chromatid is now an individual chromosome. Telophase II-the spindle fibers disappear and a nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes; when meiosis II finishes, the cytoplasm divides and there are 4 haploid cells.

There are two divisions of meiosis because this process produces haploid cells, which are half the number of our other diploid cells. If we couldn't make haploid cells then we wouldn't be able to reproduce (there would be too many chromosomes).

a code that contains information for an organism's growth and function.

the instructions for making a specific protein; is a section of DNA on a chromosome

any permanent change in the DNA sequence of a gene or chromosome of a cell

Adenine- Thymine (the amount of adenine equals the amount of thymine) Cytosine- guanine (the amount if cytosine equals the amount of guanine)