Cell Biology chapter 1 – Flashcards
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The Cell Theory
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cells are building blocks of all living tissues; " cells are generated from pre-existing cells and inherit their characteristics"
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Nerve cell (cerebellum)
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branching processes to communicate with 100,000 other neurons
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If the plant stem is red...
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cellulose
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If the plant stem is orange...
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pectin
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Paramecium "pond scum"
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a protozoan, moves using cilia
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B-bacteriovorus
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small carnivorous bacteria, propelled using single flagellum
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Human white cells are engulfing...
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red blood cells
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What do all cells have in common?
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the central Dogma of Molecular biology; "The flow of genetic material"
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Central Dogma (flow of genetic material)
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1.DNA synthesis-Replication; information storage; the hard drive 2.RNA synthesis-Transcription; temporary message; "the cache" 3. Protein synthesis-Translation; functional units; "the program"
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Viruses-"Molecular Parasites"
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Exception to central dogma; some are dna, rna, double-stranded, single stranded; can not replicate without a host cell
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Our genes hold the code, but its their_______ that determines function
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expression
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Every cell has all the ________(DNA) needed for an organism
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chromosomes
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Lemato
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produced by Israeli researchers; over half of the test tasters preferred this
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How big are cells? molecules?
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there are at least 10 million if not 100 million distinct cell types in the world; nerve/muscle cells can be nearly 1 meter; cactobacillus are 25 times smaller than a human hair
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Conventional Light Microscopy (0.2 Um)
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-transmitted light -polarized light -phase contrast (shadowing) -fluorescence microscopy -processing required so that light passes through tissue
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Confocal Microscopy
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-fluorescence microscopy -using laser light, single wavelength -focuses on single plane (layer) -optical section to create 3-D images -uses antibodies/dyes to visualize the cell
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Electron Microscopy (0.2 nm)
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-focus beam of electrons -cells/tissues need much processing -"fixing" "sectioning" -cells/tissues are coated with electron dense heavy materials -SEM scan layers creating fabolous 3-D images
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living cells have a similar ____ _____
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basic chemistry
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all present-day cells have apparently evolved from.....
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the same ancestor
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Genes provide the instruction for cellular______
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form, function, and complex behavior
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Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote
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Prokaryote: nucleoid, capsule, flagellum, cell wall, cell membrane, ribosomes Eukaryote: nucleus, nucleolis, mitochondria
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Prokaryotes
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*small, single cellular organisms *most diverse of cells *can adapt to extreme environments *2 domains: Bacteria or Archaea *many different sources of "food" (oxygen, hydrogen, sulfur, some are even photosynthetic) example: spherical cells (streptococcus), rod-shaped cells (E.coli), spiral cells (trepohema pallidum)
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Confocal Microscopy
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-fluorescence microscopy -using laser light, single wavelength -
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Eukaryotes
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*bigger, more elaborate cells *single-celled organisms (yeast, aomeoboe) *multi-cellular (plants, animals, fungi) *always have a nucleus, organized, compartmentalized (membrane-bound) *yeast is the most simple
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Ribosomes
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the factories *smallest structure you can clearly see here *comprised of 80-90 molecules that catalyze *translation-make new proteins to keep everything working
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Mitochondria
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the power plant *most abundant organelle *oxidize food molecules to generate ATP; 'cellular respiration', contain their own DNA and reproduce themselves (like DNA), ancient symbiosis between eukaryotic cell and bacteria
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Chloroplasts
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the solar power plant -green organelle found in plants and algae -stacks of internal membranes containing chlorophyll -evolved from bacteria
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Photosynthesis
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converts sunlight into chemical energy (sugar)
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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
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ribsosome coated ER which makes proteins to be secreted
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Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
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involved in lipid synthesis
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Golgi Body
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post office *involved in packaging and modifying proteins to be secreted by the cell to other locations, which is how cells communicate
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Lysosomes
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waste disposal system *small, irregular shaped *membrane-bound *House intracellular degradation -breaks down food and releases back to cell -breaks down waste for recycling or excretion
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Perixisomes
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chemical plant *small, membrane enclosed vesicles *contained environment for H20 reactions H2O2 generated and degraded inside
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Cytoskeleton-The Cells Scaffolding
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allows directed movement; actin (thin); microtubules (thicker or hollower tubes); intermediate filaments 'the cross hatch'
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Eukaryotes likely evolved as a _____; large flexible membrane and cytoskeleton for movement; to allow _____
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predator, eating
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Nuclear compartment may have evolved to protect valuable genetic material from chaos of ______.
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cytoplasm
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Escherichia Coli
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-more understood than any other organism -single, circular double strand of DNA -4.6 million nucleotide pairs long -produces 4300 different kinds of proteins
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Saccharomyces cerevisiae
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-minimal model eukaryote -single cell fungus (as closely related to animals as it is to plants) -small, well-known genome carries out all basic eukaryotic tasks
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Arabidopsis Thaliana
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-common wall cress -produces thousands of offspring in 8-10 weeks -easy to grow indoors -complete DNA sequence is known
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Drosophila Melanogaster
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-more than any other organism, has shown us how to trace cause and effect from DNA instruction to structure of adult multicellular organism -DNA genome well known, lots of lab supplies well known
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Caenorhabditis elegans
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-develop like clockwork; 959 body cells -neurons of brain completely mapped -led to understanding of programmed cell death -used in alcohol studies at VCU
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Danio reno
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-zebrafish -transpart for the first 2 weeks of life -excellent for developmental studies
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Homo sapiens; Mus musculus
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-different species share similar gene -defect in kit gene, required for development and maintenance of pigment cells
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model organisms
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all evolved from common ancestors, many conserved processes. (e.coli, saccromyces, arabidopsis, the World of Animals)
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E.coli(model organism)
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simple, fast to grow, cheap, can manipulate easily
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Saccromyces(model organism)
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a simple eukaryotic cell, has mitochondria
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Arabidopsis (model organism)
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chosen out of 300,000 species as a model plant; grows fast, easily, flowering
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The World of Animals (model organism)
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represented by a Fly, Worm, Fish, Mouse, and Human Species
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Comparing genome sequences reveals life's_____ _______.
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common heritage
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Primary cell culture
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-isolated directly from live organism -limited lifespan(Hayflick Limit)
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Immortalized cell line
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'transformed' cells can grow indefinitely like cancer
