Business Data Networks and Security – Chapter 1 – Flashcards
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Host
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Any computer attached to a network.
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IP Address
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An Internet Protocol address; the address that every computer needs when it connects to the Internet; IP addresses are 32 bits long.
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Dotted Decimal Notation
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The notation used to ease human comprehension and memory in reading IP addresses.
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IP Version 4 (IPv4)
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The standard that governs most routers on the Internet and private Internets. These addresses are 32 bits long.
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IP Version 6 (IPv6)
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A new version of the Internet Protocol. These addresses are 128 bits long.
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Internet
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1) A group of networks connected by routers so that any application on any host on any network can communicate with any application on any other host on any other network. 2) A general term for any internetwork (spelled with a lowercase i). 3) The worldwide Internet (spelled with a capital I).
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Internet Service Provider (ISP)
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Carrier that provides Internet access and transmission.
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Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
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Creates standards of the Internet.
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Transcode
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In streaming video, to convert the program into a bit stream designed for a particular device and set of network conditions
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Amazon Web Services
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Cloud service provided by Amazon.com, used for example by Netflix, for server farms for orders, business transactions, logins, content storage, etc.
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Content Delivery Network (CDN)
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A network designed to provide content quickly to consumers; uses local content servers that cache frequently seen programs in order to deliver content with less latency (delay).
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Virtual Machine (VM)
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One of multiple logical machines in a real machine (software), to its users it appears to be a real machine. Had own IP address and data.
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Cloud Service Provider (CSP)
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A company that provides cloud computing services.
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Agility
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The ability to change quickly. Typically offered by new technologies such as virtual machines and cloud computing that allow faster action than older technologies.
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Internet of things
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A term to denote direct host-to-host communication when no human is involved at either end
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Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
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A cloud service that provides the computing infrastructure. This allows the client to create and manage applications, but not worry about server operation.
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Computing infrastructure
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Consists of server operation, database management systems, and so forth.
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Software as a Service (SaaS)
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Service in which an application service provider supplies an application to customers on demand.
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Client Host
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In client/server processing, a server program on a server host provides services to a client program on a client host.
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Virtual client
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A client stored by a cloud provider. Real clients connected to the cloud are connected to the virtual machine for access to all of its resources. Different real clients will all see the same thing.
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Service Level Agreement (SLA)
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A quality-of-service guarantee for throughput, availability, latency, error rate, and other matters between a CSP and a customer.
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Corporate
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machine-to-machine
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Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
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The protocol that governs interactions between the browser and webserver application program.
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HTTP Request-Response Cycle
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An HTTP client request followed by an HTTP server response.
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HTTP Response Message
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In HTTP, a message in which a server responds to a client request; contains either a requested file or an error message explaining why the requested file could not be supplied.
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HTTP Request Message
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In HTTP, a message in which a client requests a file or another service from a server.
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Network Software
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On a host computer, the software which handles network transmission for the OS. It fragments, envelopes, and transmits.
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Fragment (Fragmentation)
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To break a message into multiple smaller messages. TCP fragments application layer messages, while IP packets may be fragmented by routers along the packet's route.
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Segment
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In the TCP, the name for a message part after fragmentation at the transport level.
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Envelope
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Frame or packet. May have a set of added bits and beginning and/or end containing delivery information for the segment. Also contains address of the receiving host.
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Multiplexing
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Multiple analog or digital signals are combined into one signal over a shared medium. The aim is to share an expensive resource.
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Single network
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A network using a single networking standard (technology), under the control of a single organization, and having a coordinated address space in each host has a unique address.
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EUI-48 address
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An extended unique identifier address that is 48 bits long. Formerly designated Media Access Control (MAC) addresses, still widely informally called MAC addresses.
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Extended Unique Identifier
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A type of address manage by the IEEE. The most common types are the EUI-48 addresses, used in Ethernet and WI-Fi Networks, and the EUI-64 address, used in IPv6.
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Point-to-Point Network
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A single network that connects two devices directly with a single physical layer transmission link. In Internets, often used to connect a pair of routes.
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Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)
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Protocol used in Point-to-Point networks, which is a DLL standard.
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Physical Layer
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The standards layer that governs physical transmission between adjacent devices (wires, connectors, voltages changes, radio waves)
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Data Link Layer (DLL)
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The layer that governs frame transmission within a single network all the way from the source station to the destination station across zero or more switches. Governs switch or access point operation and DLL addresses.
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Layer 1 and Layer 2
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All single-network technologies require standards at these layers.
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802.11 Wireless Network
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Wireless network that uses 802.11 standard. Also called Wi-Fi network
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Switch
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A device that forwards frames within a single network.
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Switched Single Network
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Single frame is forwarded over a number of transmission links connected by forwarding devices called switches.
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Switching Decision
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When a frame arrives at a switch, the decision the switch makes to select a port to send the frame back out.
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Switch Table
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Information used by a switch in switching decisions. At a minimum, contains rows that associate host addresses at Layer 2, with specific pairs on the switch
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Wireless Networking
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Networking that uses radio transmission instead of wires to connect devices.
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Router
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A device that forwards packets within an internet. Routers connect two or more single networks (subnets).
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IP Packets
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In TCP/IP, messages at the internet layer (layer 3)
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Encapsulation
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The placing of a message in the data field of another message.
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Route
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The path that a packet takes across an internet.
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Internet/Network Layer
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OSI Layer 3
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Internet Protocol (IP)
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The TCP/IP protocol that governs operations at the internet layer. Governs packet delivery from host to host across a series of routers.
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Packet Switching
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The breaking of conversations into short messages (typically a few hundred bits long); allows multiplexing on trunk lines to reduce trunk line costs.
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Standards
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Detailed rules of operation that specify how two hardware or software processes work together
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Layers of Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model
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Layer 1: Physical Layer Layer 2: Data Link Layer Layer 3: Internet/Network Layer Layer 4: Transport Layer Layer 5: Application Layer
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Standards Agencies
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Organizations that create the standards
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Standards Architectures
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Broad frameworks within which agencies create individual standards
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ITU-T
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Standards for telecommunications networks that provide voice, video, and data transmission services.
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International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
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International standard-setting body composed of representatives from various national standards organizations.
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Domain Name System (DNS)
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A server that provides IP addresses for users who know only a target host's host name. DNS servers also provide a hierarchical system for naming domains.
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Core of the Internet
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Also known as the Internet's backbone. It is formed by collective ISPs.
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Product vs Service
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Buying a service is paying for what you use; a product is a flat price even if it's not completely utilized.
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Network Speed
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bps (bits per second)
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kbps
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1,000 bps
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Mbps
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1,000,000 bps
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Gbps
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1,000,000,000 bps
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Tbps
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1,000,000,000,000 bps
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Layering
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Important for allowing specialization in networking.
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Route
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The path a packet takes from source host to destination host across an Internet in Layer 3.
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Application Layer
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OSI Layer 5. Standardizes communication between application programs.
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Transport Layer
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OSI Layer 4. Does fragmentation of the application message on the source host and reassembly on the destination host.
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World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)
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The standards agency for the World Wide Web.
