Blood – Flashcards

-only liquid connective tissue -cells embedded in background matrix -contained within blood vessels -5L of blood in body (5000mL) -8% of body weight is made up by blood -100F is average temperature of blood -Heat exchange/control- towards core, away from core -pH: 7.35-7.45

-delivers oxygen and nutrients -transports metabolic wastes (CO2, nitrogenous waste) -transports hormones (chemical messengers) -maintains body temperature -maintains body pH (slightly basic, maintained in very small range, buffers help maintain blood pH) -maintains fluid volume (fluid connective tissue) -prevents blood loss (clotting factors) -prevents infection (immune system, immune cells, antibodies)

-formed elements -plasma

-cells, cell residue -erythrocytes -leukocytes -platelets

-Red blood cell -produced in bone marrow -circulate body -45% of total blood volume is RBC -not really living cells, lost cell nucleus -carries respiratory gases (oxygen, carbon dioxide) -small -biconcave -anucleate (no nucleus, no longer living) -carries hemoglobin (carries oxygen) -contain antioxidant enzymes (eliminates free radicals) -approx 5 million per mL on avg -more in men than women

-white blood cells -immunity -less than 1% of total blood volume is WBC -true living cells (nuclei, reproduce, etc)

-along with WBC make up less than 1% of total blood volume -pieces of plasma membrane that pinch off from other cells -vesicles that contain proteins (blood clotting) -fragments of other cells (thrombocytes)

- 55% of total blood volume -mostly water (90% of plasma is water) -proteins (solution)

-globin protein bound to heme pigments -heme pigment makes our blood red -globin is a complex protein -4 subunits (2 of two types) -Each hemoglobin carries 4 molecules of oxygen -Aprrox 250 million hemoglobin per RBC -Each RBC can carry 1 billion oxygen molecules

-4 polypeptide chains (2 alphas, 2 betas)

-contains oxygen binding iron -each global subunit attaches to a heme pigment

-oxygen binds to hemoglobin (oxihemoglobin) -hemoglobin without oxygen (deoxyhemoglobin) -picks up oxygen where oxygen levels are high (lungs) and drops it off where oxygen levels are low (cells) -s shaped- as deoxyhemoglobin starts to pick up oxygen, it changes the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen -doesn't like to give oxygen up

-carbon dioxide binds to hemoglobin (carbaminohemoglobin) -only about 20% of carbon dioxide transport is carried through these -most carbon dioxide is carried by plasma (liquid portion of blood)

-hemocytoblast produces myeloid stem cell (pluripotent cells-can give rise to a number of different cells, both hemocytoblast and myeloid stem cell) -myeloid stem cell becomes proerythroblast (committed cell, can only become a RBC) -proerythroblast becomes early erythroblast -early erythroblast becomes late erythroblast -Late erythroblast becomes normoblast -normoblast loses organelles and nucleus to become reticulocyte (normoblast loses nucleus and organelles and accumulates a lot of hemoglobin, leaves bone marrow) -reticulocytes mature in bloodstream to become erythroblasts

-occurs in bone marrow -produce about an ounce of blood per day -takes about 3-5 days -production of blood cells

-erythropoietin: hormone produced by the kidneys that regulates red blood cell production -testosterone: stimulates kidneys to release erythropoietin -iron: stored in cells as ferritin and hemosiderin, transported in blood as transferrin -B vitamins: B12 and folic acid -Dietary nutrients: proteins and lipids for plasma membrane

-old erythrocytes destroyed by macrophages -heme is split from global -iron bound to proteins and stored -bilirubin is produced (picked up by liver and secreted as bile into intestine, constantly produced and stored in gall bladder, pigment degraded and expelled in feces, global broken down to amino acids, used to build other proteins, recycled, 100-120 days on average a little less than 4 months)

-anemias: any time our blood has a low oxygen carrying ability, low number of sufficient blood cells, irregularly shaped RBC (sickle cell) -polycythemia: too many red blood cells, poor circulation, too thick, can not be transported anywhere

-to leave circulation -RBC can not diapedis -some WBC can

-complete cells with nuclei and organelles -display positive chemotaxis (can be attracted to an area due to the release of some chemical) -far fewer WBC than RBC

-type of leukocyte with granules -3 types: neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils

-most common -lobed nucleus, granules -phagocytic cells function during inflammation

-two lobed nucleus -2-4% of WBC -contain enzymes in granules that will digest parasitic worms

-least common -histomine in granule (dilate blood vessels, release)

-type of WBC -Does not have any granules -2 types: lymphocytes and monocytes

-most of the cells made up of nucleus -major immune cell (B and T lymphocytes) -lymph tissue -about 25% of WBC body

-3-8% of WBC -largest of WBC -Large U shaped nucles -Phagocytic cells -can leave circulation (macrophages)

-hemocytoblasts give rise to myeloid stem cells and lymphoid stem cells (uncommitted cells)

-myeloid stem cells become myeloblasts (committed cells) -myeloblasts accumulate lysosomes to become promyelocytes -promyelocytes differentiate into myelocytes -cell division stops and nuclei arch to form band cells -nuclei constrict and segment to become mature granulocytes (1/2-90 days replaces

-myeloid stem cells become mono blasts (committed cells) -monoblasts become promonocytes -promonocytes leave bone marrow and become monocytes in lymph tissues (can last up to months)

-interleukins -colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) -stimulation of either one of these things stimulates leukopoiesis in the bone marrow -chemical messenger controllers

-leukemia: cancer of the WBC, abnormal division of WBC components -infectious mononucleosis: in response to an infection of Epstein Barr virus, causes an increase in the production of agranulocytes -leukopenia: deficiency in the number of WBC, abnormally low number of WBCs

-anucleated cytoplasmic fragments of megakaryocytes -granules contain clotting chemicals (blood clotting)

-hemocytoblasts give rise to myeloid stem cells (everything except for leukocytes come from the myeloid stem cell, not yet committed) -myeloid stem cells become megakaryoblasts (committed cells) -megakaryoblasts undergo repeated mitosis but no cytokinesis to form megakaryocytes (platelets are cytoplasmic portions of the megakaryocytes, pinched off) -cytoplasmic extensions of megakaryocytes break off to be platelets -old name for platelets was thrombocytes

-thrombopoietin: we produce an ounce of blood a day, what is produced is dependent on body needs

-no blood loss, process of regulating blood volume -fluid tissue contained within blood vessels -some cells can go out of circulation (diapedesis) -allowing the blood vessels the opportunity to fix themselves so we don't lose blood -vascular spasm: constriction of damaged blood vessel -platelet plug formation: platelets will collect at the site of damage -coagulation: blood clot formation, prevents loss of blood and stimulates the repair of the damaged blood vessel

-damage to blood vessel exposes underlying collagen fibers (causes the accumulation of a couple of different chemicals) -also releases von wilebrand factor and thromboxane A2 (thromboxin A2 is released from the damaged blood vessel- prostaglandin, von willebrand factor is a plasma protein in circulation) -causes platelets to collect and adhere at site of damage (stick to collagen fibers, will not stick unless the two chemicals are present) -once attached, thrombin activated platelets to breakdown and release chemical contents

-intact endothelial cells secrete PGI2 (prostacyclin) and heparin (prostaglandin always being secreted by undamaged cells, prevents platelets from sticking, healthy cells produce PGI2, damaged cells produce other chemicals, heparin also secreted by healthy cells and prevent platelet attachment) -vitamin E quinone (vitamin E is a blood thinner) -only want to fix the site of damage, not plug entire blood vessel

-series of reactions in which clotting factors converted to active forms -ultimately aggregated platelets release PF3 -PF3 activates other intermediates leading to activation of factor X (10) -activated factor x complexes with calcium, PF3 and factor V (5) to form prothrombin activator -prothrombin activator catalyzes conversion of prothrombin to thrombin -thrombin catalyzes polymerization of fibrinogen into fibrin -thrombin also activates factor XIII which links fibrin strands together

-injured cells release tissue factor -tissue factor interacts with PF3 to allow shortcut to factor X activation

-platelets contain contractile proteins -cause platelets to contract and squeeze out serum to compact clot -this draws ruptured edges of vessel closer together -PDGF stimulated vessel repair (platelet growth factor)

-clot produces plasminogen (inactive protein) -plasminogen is activated to plasmin (the new endothelial cells that were produced during vessel repair produce TPA) -plasmin digests fibrin

-clotting factors carried away from site by circulating blood (so clot doesn't get too big) -antithrombin III inactivated thrombin (slows down clotting process) -protein C inhibits intrinsic pathway events (limits the size of the clot as well) -heparin enhances activity of antithrombin III and inhibits intrinsic pathway events

-throboembolytic disorders (excessive blood clot disorder): thrombus- blood clot that forms in "healthy: blood vessels, stationary, blocking flow of blood, embolism- blood clot that is not stationary, migrating through the body ultimately going to find an area that it can't pass through and it will clog up, can be long/wide (10 cm or longer) -bleeding disorders: thrombocytopenia- insufficient amount of platelets, hemophilia- genetic disorder can't produce one of the clotting proteins (can't produce blood clot)

-determined by presence of aggultiogens -3 marker system -ABO and Rh -directs production of agglutinins (if you have the A agglutinogen, then you have the anti-b) -o negative: universal donor -AB positive: universal recipient -arethroblastosis: if a woman in Rh negative and she gets pregnant with a bay that is Rh positive, the first baby is fine, second baby will not be okay -Rhgam shot surpasses the production of Rh

- plasma (55% of whole blood)

-nutrient levels

-7.34-7.45

-albumin

-increased white blood cell count

-platelets

-fibrinogen

-erythrocytes

-hemoglobin

-reduced availability of oxygen (reduced oxygen delivery to the kidneys will result in the release of erythropoietin, which in turn promotes the release of more erythrocytes from the bone marrow)

-amino acids of the globin (heme groups and iron ions are binding points for oxygen, while CO2 binds to and is carried by the global polypeptides, the combined form is called carbaminohemoglobin)

-four

-reticulocyte (stage in erythrocyte development when the nucleus has just been lost)

-bone marrow (site of blood cell production and is stimulated by erythropoietin)

-polycythemia

-hyperventilating

-supplemental bilirubin injection

-rate of erythrocyte formation

-lymphocytes

-myelocytes

-myeloblast

-myeloblasts

-hemocytoblast

-True

-they are nucleated

-false

-true

-mesoderm

-hematopoietic stem cell (hemocytoblast)

-platelets

-thrombopoietin

-platelets release the only chemical factors that can initiate coagulation

-plasmin

-stoppage of bleeding

-platelet plug formation (platelets are formed elements that are activated by damaged tissues)

-one is faster than the other

-fibrinolysis

-thrombin (thrombin catalyzes fibrinogen into fibrin)

-false

-false

-B

-B negative female pregnant with an AB positive baby