question

A man comes to a doctor at his wife's behest for treatment of erectile dysfunction and is fitted with a device to measure penile enlargement during sleep at home. The man insists that he has no dysfunction, and that his failure to experience erections is purely a function of the poor relationship he has with his wife. After a full night's sleep, the man shows no sign of penile enlargement, yet he still insists that he is not impotent. Could the man be correct? How could the doctor check?

answer

The man could be correct. It is possible that the man experienced no REM sleep during the night and therefore had no erections. To test the man's theory, the doctor must test the man's EEG during sleep to see if he experienced any REM sleep.

question

Amphetamine induces arousal by _____

answer

inducing release of norepinephrine in the brain

question

An astronaut in a space ship does not experience any daylight. Assume that this person wakes up at 6 AM on day 1 of the journey. Given the normal human circadian cycle, when will the astronaut wake up on day 5 of the journey?

answer

10 am

question

A patient has brain damage that causes narcolepsy. Which of the following best explains the nature of the patient's brain damage?

answer

Degeneration of orexinergic neurons.

question

A researcher looks at EEG sleep records from a variety of different individuals. To find individuals who are likely to be intelligent, what should the researcher look for in EEG patterns?

answer

The researcher should look for a high level of sleep spindles.

question

A researcher wants to utilize sleep to improve human behavior and performance during wakefulness. Which line of research, if possible, might prove most promising?

answer

The researcher might seek to increase the number of sleep spindles that people experience, since spindles have been associated with increased scores on intelligence tests.

question

A research scientist is able to measure activity levels for acetylcholine for a volunteer subject who had normal sleep patterns in the brain's arousal areas. The scientist finds high levels of ACh activity not only during the day, but also in the middle of the night. The scientist asked the volunteer how well he had slept during the night, and the volunteer claimed that he had slept normally with no interruptions. What should the scientist conclude?

answer

High levels of acetylcholine should be expected during active moments of wakefulness and also during REM sleep, so the subject was asleep during the time that ACh levels were high.

question

A research scientist is trying to develop a theory about predicting the success of law students based on observing them sleep after a long day of studying and memorizing facts for the Bar Exam. Which theory is most plausible?

answer

Students who show the most overall stage 3 and stage 4 slow-wave sleep are better at consolidating declarative memories, such as those required to pass the Bar Exam.

question

________ are short bursts of waves of 12-14 Hz that occur between two and five times during sleep ________ that are associated with intelligence.

answer

Sleep spindles, stages 1-4

question

A sleep volunteer in a sleep lab claims that she woke up several times during the night. Examining the volunteer's EEG record, at a glance, how can a lab tech identify the times when the volunteer was awake?

answer

The frequency is much greater during waking states, creating a "heavy" line on the EEG recording.

question

A student argues that fainting and cataplexy are two aspects of the same thing. Both are brought on by emotional events. Both involve dropping to the floor. How credible is this theory?

answer

The theory is not credible because cataplexy involves paralysis, not unconsciousness. Fainting, on the other hand, involves being unconscious so it is different than cataplexy.

question

A subject in an experiment is sleep-deprived for three days, getting only an average of 2 hours of sleep per night. When the subject gets a chance to sleep freely, which of the following is likely to occur?

answer

The subject will sleep for 10-12 hours with much more slow-wave and REM sleep than usual.

question

A technician is monitoring the EEG records for several sleep subjects in a laboratory. Which subject is likely to be in the transition stage between sleeping and waking?

answer

A subject that has an EEG frequency of 5 Hz and no indication of sleep spindles or K complexes

question

Explain how a biological clock operates.

answer

A biological clock controls activity levels and other characteristics of an organism on a 24-hour basis. Biological clocks of humans tend to run in 25-hour cycles on their own, but these clocks are re-set daily by environmental cues such as daylight.

question

High activity in the orexinergic neurons help tip the sleep/waking flip-flop toward which of the following?

answer

The waking state

question

How did researchers identify receptors for zeitgebers?

answer

Researchers created mutations that prevented development of rods and cones, but light continued to function as a zeitgeber. Only when they removed the eyes of mice did they discover that the zeitgeber receptors were located on retinal ganglion cells.

question

How does adenosine affect the sleep/waking cycle?

answer

High brain activity depletes glycogen and causes adenosine to accumulate. Adenosine stimulates the sleep neurons of the vlPOA which in turn inhibit the arousal system and switch the sleep/waking flip-flop to "sleep."

question

How does caffeine work to make us feel alert?

answer

It blocks adenosine receptors.

question

How does sleep relate to consciousness?

answer

People are not unconscious during sleep. The fact that people can recall thoughts and dreams during sleep proves that sleep is a form of consciousness, not unconsciousness.

question

How does the biological clock-time of day influence the sleep/waking flip-flop?

answer

a. The biological clock-time of day will raise adenosine levels during the morning, which in turn excite the arousal system neurons, which themselves stimulate vlPOA to flip the flip-flop toward waking. c. The biological clock-time of day will stimulate the LH orexinergic neurons during the morning, which in turn stimulate the arousal system neurons, which themselves inhibit vlPOA to flip the flip-flop toward waking.

question

How do slow-wave sleep and REM sleep affect learning ability?

answer

Slow-wave sleep appears to facilitate declarative learning such as memorizing numbers, while REM sleep improves non-declarative memories, such as how to operate a tool.

question

How do the sleep neurons control sleep?

answer

The five arousal neurotransmitters function to arouse the individual during waking periods. When it is time to sleep, the sleep neurons of the ventrolateral preoptic area inhibit the arousal centers and allow the individual to sleep.

question

How long does it take for a typical person to experience REM sleep for the first time in an evening?

answer

90 minutes

question

How might slow-wave sleep be helpful to people?

answer

During the down state of each oscillation of slow-wave sleep, enormous numbers of neurons are presumably inhibited, allowing them to rest and be replenished in a meaningful way.

question

Hunger-related signals activate orexinergic neurons, and ________ inhibit them.

answer

satiety-related signals

question

If someone wakes you up during a night of sleep, during which stage are you most likely to remember your dreams?

answer

REM stage

question

In a sleep lab, subjects come in for sleep analysis once a week. A subject who has exhibited normal sleep patterns for months suddenly registers inordinately long sessions of REM sleep during his weekly session. Which of the following provides the simplest explanation for this phenomenon?

answer

The subject is severely sleep deprived and is preferentially making up for lost REM sleep.

question

________ is a sign that a high level of activity, such as problem solving, is occurring in the brain.

answer

Desynchrony

question

Light functions as ________ in an organism's biological clock.

answer

Zeitgeber

question

Megan was awakened by a sudden gust of wind that blew open a window and broke a vase. Megan was extremely groggy and disoriented when she tried to deal with the broken glass. During what stage of sleep was Megan most likely awakened?

answer

Slow-wave stage 3 sleep

question

Most of the research on the relationship between amount of exercise we do during the day, and the amount of sleep we require that night, suggests that _______________

answer

Vigorous exercise during the day does not result in more sleep at night.

question

Narcolepsy may be defined as _____

answer

a sleep disorder characterized by periods of irresistible sleep, attacks of cataplexy, sleep paralysis, and hypnagogic hallucinations.

question

Over the years scientists and non-scientists alike have speculated about the importance of dreams. Which of the following provides the strongest evidence that dreams have an important function for human beings on both a psychological and physiological basis?

answer

The human body is rendered paralyzed during dreams to prevent individuals from acting out their dreams. The fact that the human brain has evolved such an elaborate mechanism to protect people against the possible dangers of dreams — rather than simply eliminating dreams — is a strong indication of how important dreams must be.

question

Patients with narcolepsy often try to avoid thoughts or situations with high ________ content, because they realize it may bring on ____________

answer

Emotional, cataplexy

question

REM sleep behavior disorder involves exhibiting ________, while cataplexy involves ________

answer

no REM paralysis during REM sleep and acting out dreams; complete paralysis that occurs during wakings.

question

Researchers have discovered a new diet drug that gives people a "full" feeling so they don't overeat. The researchers are about to undergo large-scale tests of the drug and are worried about side effects. Which side effect would you predict that they will encounter?

answer

The researchers should see drowsiness as a side effect, since satiety is likely to inhibit orexinergic neurons, which will fail to stimulate the arousal system of the brain, allowing the sleep/waking flip-flop to switch to a "sleep" mode.

question

Sleep is considered a state of consciousness. What stage of sleep is believed to have the highest level of consciousness?

answer

REM sleep

question

Students studying complicated tax law rules for an accounting exam attended an intense 3-hour study session in preparation for taking a practice test. Half of the students kept studying for 2 hours after the study session, while the other half took a 2-hour slow-wave sleep nap. Which of the following best supports the theory that the brain unconsciously rehearses recently acquired information during slow-wave sleep?

answer

Students who took naps performed better on the part of the test that dealt with the material covered in the study session than those who continued to study.

question

The deepest stage of sleep is _____

answer

Stage 4

question

What characterizes REM sleep behavior disorder?

answer

A neurological disorder in which the person does not become paralyzed during REM sleep and thus acts out dreams.

question

What did researchers begin years ago with hopes of furthering understanding of narcolepsy?

answer

Scientists bred dogs for the trait of narcolepsy. Narcoleptic dogs were found to have abnormal receptors for a specific neurotransmitter due to a faulty protein. The neurotransmitter for these receptors was identified as the peptide orexin.

question

What does a zeitgeber do?

answer

Resets a biological clock

question

What happens when a human being lives without input from a zeitgeber?

answer

Humans tend to have 25-hour circadian cycles that gradually shift wake-up and sleep times as days pass by.

question

What is a significant problem in identifying insomnia?

answer

Insomnia is one of the few medical problems that physicians treat without having direct clinical evidence for its existence.

question

What is slow-wave sleep?

answer

The EEG shows synchronous firing. Muscle tone is moderate. Eye movements are not rapid. Genital activity is not seen.

question

What is the difference between narcolepsy and cataplexy?

answer

Narcolepsy involves a person falling asleep at an inappropriate time. With cataplexy, a person becomes momentarily paralyzed.

question

What is the difference between stage 3 and stage 4 sleep?

answer

Both stage 3 and stage 4 sleep are characterized by high amplitude delta activity, or slow-wave sleep. Stage 4 sleep features more than 50 percent delta activity, while stage 3 has less than 50 percent delta activity.

question

What is the relationship between adenosine and glycogen?

answer

During wakefulness, glycogen in astrocytes is consumed by active brain neurons, increasing extracellular adenosine levels in the brain. During sleep, adenosine is broken down and glycogen is restored to the astrocytes. Also: Prolonged wakefulness causes a decrease in the level of glycogen in the brain. A fall in the level of glycogen causes an increase in the level of adenosine.

question

What is the significance of desynchrony in EEG recordings of sleep?

answer

Desynchrony typically shows that a variety of neural circuits are highly active and a person is actively thinking.

question

Where is the biological clock located?

answer

In the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus

question

Where is the biological clock located in the rat brain?

answer

The suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus

question

Which chemical is thought to accumulate in the brain as a sleep-promoting substance?

answer

adenosine

question

Which general statement can be made about EEG patterns from a visual perspective?

answer

The higher the frequency of the activity, the closer the activity is to wakefulness.

question

Which kinds of sleep promote learning?

answer

Slow-wave sleep and REM sleep appear to promote brain development.

question

Which neurotransmitter increase sharply as REM sleep ends?

answer

Serotonin

question

Which neurotransmitters control arousal and wakefulness?

answer

Acetylcholine, noradrenaline, serotonin, histamine, and orexin

question

Which of the following identifies the lowest wave frequency form of sleep?

answer

Stage 4

question

Which of the following is a form of nondeclarative (implicit) memory?

answer

Catching a ball

question

Which of the following is most likely to produce cataplexy?

answer

Intense laughter

question

Which of the following occurs during stage 4 sleep but not during stage 3 sleep?

answer

More than 50% delta activity

question

Which of the following provides the strongest evidence that sleep is necessary for good health and survival?

answer

Organisms with total insomnia due to damage in the preoptic area or individuals with fatal familial insomnia cannot survive for very long without sleep.

question

Which signals cause the sleep/waking flip-flop to tip toward wakefulness?

answer

Hunger, biological clock signals, low adenosine levels

question

Which substance blocks adenosine receptors?

answer

Caffeine

question

Why are self-reports of insomnia thought to be unreliable?

answer

In a lab setting, people who complain of insomnia sleep about the same amount as people who do not complain of insomnia.

question

Why are the lives of most people with even the most severe sleep apnea rarely threatened?

answer

Without any oxygen being taken in, the blood of people with sleep apnea accumulates carbon dioxide, which triggers chemoreceptors that in turn stimulate gasping behavior, causing the person to wake up.

question

Why are the results of experiments exploring the connection between sleep and learning surprising?

answer

REM sleep features a high level of consciousness, which one would think would match "high-conscious" declarative memory. Instead REM facilitates largely unconscious non-declarative learning. Low- consciousness, low-wave sleep, on the other hand, facilitates high- conscious declarative learning.

question

Why is an EOG, an electro-oculogram, considered an important part of sleep research using live subjects?

answer

The EOG measures eye movements that are critical for determining when characteristic rapid eye movements of REM sleep occur.

question

With only a handful of orexin-releasing neurons, how can orexin have an impact on arousal and wakefulness in the entire brain?

answer

Orexin may be released by only 7000 neurons, but those neurons project to almost every part of the brain, showing that orexin's influence is global.

question

1. What is a significant problem in identifying insomnia?

answer

Insomnia is one of the few medical problems that physicians treat without having direct clinical evidence for its existence.

question

Activity in these brain regions during REM sleep account for PGO spikes.

answer

pons, lateral geniculate nucleus, and occipital lobe

question

The reticular activating system is involved in.

answer

Arousal (waking up)

question

The ________ generates a 24-hour rhythm that synchronizes the sleep and wake cycle.

answer

suprachiasmatic nucleus

question

Which stage of sleep is characterized by irregular EEG with sleep spindles and K-complexes?

answer

stage 2

question

Stimulation of this brain region induces sleep.

answer

basal forebrain

question

This sleep stage is characterized by increased heart rate, increased respiration, increased brain activity, and an irregular EEG.

answer

stage REM

question

Which of the following is true of REM sleep?

answer

Depriving subjects of REM sleep has little effect on behavior.

question

One treatment for narcolepsy is _______.

answer

caffeine or other stimulants

question

The ________ is a structure of the medial temporal lobe where certain brain waves, such as theta waves, are generated.

answer

hippocampus

question

How many minutes is the rest/activity cycle that is controlled partially by an internal clock in the anterior hypothalamus?

answer

90

question

An EEG taken during REM sleep reveals bursts of activity known as ____ spikes.

answer

PGO

question

A person with sleep apnea would experience which of the following symptoms?

answer

breathing pauses during sleep, many times per hour

question

What causes sleep apnea?

answer

blocked breathing passages

question

Which is the most common sleep disorder?

answer

Insomnia

question

How is insomnia best treated?

answer

caffeine and alcohol reduction and increase in exercise

question

Chronic sleep deprivation has is linked to which of the following?

answer

anxiety and depression

question

What does it mean to "pull an all-nighter"?

answer

stay up all night studying

question

Our ability to learn and form memories is greatly inhibited by

answer

Sleep deprivation

question

When we are tired, our ability to __________ is seriously impaired.

answer

focus

question

According to studies conducted at Harvard Medical School and Trent University, students who were well rested consistently showed marked improvement in ____________ over students who were sleep deprived.

answer

learning a new skill

question

In a study on sleep deprivation, Dr. Smith of Trent University in Canada found that college students who stayed out late partying on a Friday night _______________.

answer

lost 30% of the information they learned in classes just two days earlier

question

_____ sleep is traditionally thought of as dream sleep, occurring later in the night, and often containing the most prolific dreaming with most bizarre content.

answer

REM

question

What kinds of memories are affected by non-REM sleep?

answer

episodic and semantic

question

We need REM sleep for many reasons, but one of them is to strengthen our _____ memory, which we use to retain skills like playing the piano or shooting a basketball.

answer

procedural

question

If people train intensively to learn something new, like memorizing lists of words or acquiring practical skills, there may be changes in their _____.

answer

sleep architecture

question

Some people, particularly those with higher levels of intelligence, produce more _____ during Stage 2 sleep while they are learning a complex new skill or training intensively on a demanding task.

answer

sleep spindles

question

Our ability to remember things better and hang onto them over time, making memories durable and stable, is referred to as _____.

answer

memory consolidation

question

Which of the following has been proven to have a very pronounced benefit to cognitive functioning and memory, based on the psychological literature?

answer

napping

question

One of the hallmark findings in memory research indicates that if you want to remember information for a long time, _____.

answer

don't cram at the last minute

question

What does the professor say is "just toxic for memory"?

answer

stress

question

If people are deprived of REM sleep due to illness, medication, alcohol use, or just lack of sleep, they will _____.

answer

NOT "have concentration problems" and NOT "lose basic functioning - try nap and doze

question

What does Mali think may have triggered her initial symptoms of narcolepsy?

answer

A flu-like illness

question

What emotional reaction most commonly provokes cataplexy in Malia?

answer

Laughter

question

Which of the following is true with respect to cataplexy?

answer

It is characterized by continuing alertness to the environment.

question

When does sleep paralysis usually occur?

answer

In the periods upon waking and falling asleep

question

What is the endogenous rhythm of an organism?

answer

The rhythm from the internal biological clock independent of environmental cues.

question

What does an individual need to use light cues to regulate his or her biological clock?

answer

Melanopsin located in retinal ganglion cells.

question

How can a scientist identify the endogenous rhythm of a biological clock?

answer

The scientist must measure the animal's daily activity cycle in a habitat of dim light or no light.

question

How do mammals prepare for winter in cold climates?

answer

Decreasing day length is detected by clock neurons in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) that secrete large amounts of melatonin, which causes animals to store fat and go into their quiescent winter behavior phase.

question

This appears to be the sleep-producing substance in the body.

answer

Adenosine

question

Which arousal neurotransmitter appears to be specialized for increasing an organism's vigilance?

answer

Norepinephrine

question

What is the relationship between the sleep-promoting region of the hypothalamus (vlPOA) and the five arousal systems of the forebrain and brainstem?

answer

Mutual inhibition

question

The ________ are located in the ________ while the ________ are located in the ________.

answer

REM-ON, sublaterodorsal nucleus (SLD), REM-OFF, ventrolateral periaqueductal gray matter (vlPAG)

question

How does slow-wave sleep promote wakefulness?

answer

Slow-wave sleep helps destroy adenosine in the body. Adenosine is a sleep-promoting chemical that shifts the sleep/waking flip-flop toward sleep when it exists in high concentrations, and toward waking when its concentration drops.

question

In the 1946 study by Nanta, what happened to rats who had their preoptic area destroyed?

answer

The rats who had their preoptic area destroyed developed total insomnia, and died after 3 days.

question

A research scientist injects an adenosine antagonist extracellularly into the sleep promoting region of the hypothalamus (vlPOA) of an animal. Which result should the scientist expect?

answer

The scientist can expect increased histaminergic activity in brain areas that receive input from vlPOA and a more alert and wakeful animal.

question

Why might an emotional experience trigger cataplexy?

answer

The amygdala, which mediates emotional responses, has excitatory input into the REM-ON area, the sublaterodorsal nucleus (SLD). An intense emotional experience can stimulate the SLD so strongly that the REM sleep flip-flop get turned on and REM mechanisms are triggered, including the paralysis mechanisms that characterize a cataplectic attack

question

How do the bottlenose dolphin and porpoise sleep?

answer

One brain hemisphere at a time.

question

Slow-wave sleep seems to improve ________ while REM sleep helps people ________.

answer

declarative memory, with non-declarative memory

question

Which activity would a person who is severely sleep-deprived find most difficult to do?

answer

Analyze a complex legal document.

question

Which activity would slow-wave sleep be most helpful for people to do?

answer

Memorize Lincoln's Gettysburgh Address.

question

Which of the following can bring on a bout of cataplexy?

answer

A strong emotional experience.

question

What is the relationship between cataplexy and REM sleep behavior disorder?

answer

The two have opposite symptoms. Cataplexy features complete paralysis when a person is fully conscious. REM sleep behavior disorder has no paralysis when a person is fully engaged in REM sleep.

question

Which of the following marks the first sign that a person is entering stage 1 sleep?

answer

Theta activity showing increased synchrony of neocortex neurons.

question

A typical 8-hour sleep consists of ________, each containing a ________ session of REM sleep.

answer

4 to 5 cycles of 90 minutes, 20-30 minute

question

During REM sleep, this area of the brain is especially active.

answer

Visual association cortex

question

During a period when a person is dreaming, what state does the brain resemble?

answer

During dreaming, most people show the same vivid visual sense coupled with confusion with respect to time and place that individuals with damage to the prefrontal cortex show.

question

How do doctors distinguish between psychological and physiological erectile problems in males?

answer

During REM sleep all non-impotent males experience erections. Doctors monitor penis enlargement during sleep. If erections occur during REM periods, the problem is deemed to be psychological. If erections fail to occur, the problem is deemed to be physiological.

question

What is the significance of the synchronized EEG patterns that appear during stage 1 sleep?

answer

Desynchrony is a sign of a brain that is active and alert. Synchrony, on the other hand, indicates that the person is relaxed and in a state of repose. Therefore, synchronized EEG patterns show a brain that is asleep or ready to go to sleep.

question

What causes the paralysis of body muscles during REM sleep?

answer

While the motor cortex is highly active, motor commands cannot be carried out because of massive inhibition of the motor neurons in the spinal cord.

question

Which factors control sleep?

answer

Homeostatic factors regulate the body's need for sleep each day. Allostatic factors take over in times of life-threatening stress. Circadian factors of light-dark and time of day underlie the other two factors.

question

A flip-flop is characterized by which kind of circuitry?

answer

Reciprocal inhibition

question

An astronaut in a space ship does not experience any daylight.. Assume that this person wakes up at 6 AM on day 1 of the journey. Given the normal human circadian cycle, when will the astronaut wake up on day 5 of the journey?

answer

10 AM

question

Over 30 percent of Americans claim to suffer from insomnia and insist that their affliction is very real and very debilitating. Yet laboratory research studies show that people who report having insomnia grossly underestimate the amount of sleep they get., Which of the following, if true, would best reconcile the contradiction between research and statements of insomnia sufferers?

answer

A study that shows that though insomniacs report having been awake and remember having looked at the clock at 2 AM, 3 AM and so on, their EEG patterns for those time periods show that they were actually experiencing a sleep state, not a waking state.

question

REM sleep behavior disorder involves exhibiting ________, while cataplexy involves ________.

answer

no REM paralysis during REM sleep and acting out dreams; complete paralysis that occurs during wakings

question

How do scientists define sleep?

answer

As a behavior

question

Narcolepsy may be defined as follows:

answer

A sleep disorder characterized by periods of irresistible sleep, attacks of cataplexy, sleep paralysis, and hypnagogic hallucinations.

question

Where is the biological clock in a human being located?

answer

The suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus.

question

Light functions as ________ in an organism's biological clock.

answer

a zeitgeber

question

Which of the following is a form of nondeclarative memory?

answer

Catching a ball

question

Students studying complicated tax law rules for an accounting exam attended an intense 3-hour study session in preparation for taking of a practice test. Half of the students kept studying for 2 hours after the study session, while the other half took a 2-hour slow-wave sleep nap. Which of the following best supports the theory that the brain unconsciously rehearses recently acquired information during slow-wave sleep?

answer

Students who took naps performed better on the part of the test that dealt with the material covered in the study session than those who continued to study.

question

A patient has brain damage that causes narcolepsy but not catalepsy. Which of the following best explains the nature of the patient's brain damage?

answer

The patient has damage to both the lateral hypothalamus, where orexinergic neurons are located, and the amygdala that responds to emotional stimuli. Loss of orexinergic neurons favors the "sleep" flip-flop state, but without amygdala input the REM-ON will not initiate catalexy.

question

A research scientist is able to measure activity levels for acetylcholine for a volunteer subject who had normal sleep patterns in the brain's arousal areas. The scientist finds high levels of ACh activity not only during the day, but also in the middle of the night. The scientist asked the volunteer about how well had had slept during the night and the volunteer claimed that he had slept normally with no interruptions. What should the scientist conclude?

answer

High levels of acetylcholine should be expected during active moments of wakefulness and also during REM sleep, so the subject was asleep during the time that ACh levels were high.

question

A researcher finds that behavioral disturbances from sleep deprivation seem to be worse when a person wakes up too early from a normally timed sleep, rather than the same person simply going to bed hours later than usual. Which of the following might best explain this finding?

answer

Cutting off sleep early causes the person to miss REM sleep, which occurs much more frequently during the latter half of a night's sleep than the first half. Getting enough REM sleep is critical to feeling alert and refreshed after waking up.

question

Which of the following identifies the lowest frequency form of sleep?

answer

Stage 4 sleep

question

What comprises the REM Sleep flip-flop?

answer

REM-Off and REM-On

question

To combat narcolepsy, doctors widely prescribe ________.

answer

Modafinil

question

What comprises the "ticking" in a biological clock?

answer

Production and breakdown of a protein.

question

Which neurotransmitters increase sharply as REM sleep ends?

answer

Serotonin and norepinephrine

question

What would be the result of brain damage in the anterior part of the hypothalamus?

answer

The anterior part of the hypothalamus is where the majority of sleep neurons are located in the ventrolateral preoptic area. Damage to this area would prevent sleep.

question

How does hunger affect the sleep/waking flip-flop?

answer

Hunger stimulates the LH orexingeric neurons, which stimulate the arousal system neurons, which in turn inhibit vlPOA where the sleep neurons are located. When sleep neurons are inhibited the flip-flop is switched to "waking." Behaviorally, being hungry causes an organism to avoid falling asleep so it can keep searching for food.

question

A researcher looks at an EEG sleep records from a variety of different individuals. To find individuals who are likely to be intelligent, what should the researcher look for in EEG patterns?

answer

The researcher should look for a high level of sleep spindles.

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