Biology STAAR review – Flashcards

biomolecule made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; used to make energy (ATP) ex) starch, glucose, fructose

biomolecule that is fat; makes up the cell membrane with phospolipids, stores energy, and protects internal organs ex) fats, oils, waxes

biomolecule made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen; made of amino acids; functions include growth, repair, and metabolic functions ex) hemoglobin, enzymes

biomolecule that stores genetic material, carry out daily functions, and make proteins in protein synthesis ex)DNA, RNA

organelle that carries out the digestive processes in a cell

has ribosomes; makes proteins

detoxifies and makes lipids - has no attached ribosomes

sorts and distributes proteins

where proteins are made

cell division the occurs in bacteria result: 2 identical organisms (clones)

cell division in somatic cells of multicelled organisms (nonsex cells) that occurs for growth and development result: 2 cells with the same # of chromosomes as the parent cell

cell division in gametes (sex cells); makes reproductive cells result: 4 cells with half the # of chromosomes as the parent cell

cell membrane composed of phospolipid molecules to serve as a boundary; semi-permeable

maintaining a balanced internal enviornment regarless of the external enviorment

when substances pass across the membrane without requiring cellular energy ex) osmosis

the diffusion of water across a memebrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration

when cell enegry is required for substances to pass across the plasma membrane - ATP needed

the process of transferring stored energy from glucose to energy for the cell (ATP)

C6 H12 06 + 6O2 ---> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

the process by which plants make their own food (glucose)

6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight ---> C6 H12 O6 + 6O2

infectious agent that replicates only within the cells of living hosts, mainly bacteria, plants, and animals: composed of an RNA or DNA core, a protein coat, and, in more complex types, a surrounding envelope.

a virus that attacks bacterial cells

deoxyribonucleic acid; found in the nucleus of cells and contains the hereditary information for making proteins; made up of nucleotides; double helix, double stranded

building blocks of DNA; made up of a sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogen base

must occur before a cell can divide ex) GATTACACG ---> CTAATGTGC

ribonucleic acid; three types of RNA that are involved in making proteins; single stranded, sugar ribose, and RNA had Uracil instead of Thymine

messanger RNA; a copy of the DNA code

transfer RNA; carries the amino acids to the ribosomes to assemble proteins

ribosomal RNA; makes up the ribosomes

a sequence of 3 nucleotides of mRNA; codes for an amino acid

the process by which the cell makes proteins using the DNA code - transcription and translation

the DNA code is copied to make mRNA; hydrogen bonds between the DNA seperate --> mRNA nucleotides join one side of the DNA strand to make a copy --> mRNA leaves nucleus o take the copied DNA to a ribosome

tRNA brings amino acids to the ribosome to make a protein

the study of heredity

alternate forms of genes; located on chromosome pairs

physical appearance of an organism

actual gene makeup

when both genes are the same

when the two genes are different

chart used to predict the possible genotypes and phenotypes of an organism

two different genes, when paired, blend together and produce a 3rd phenotype ex)red flower and white flower produce pink flowers

both alleles are expressed ex)a black chicken crossed with a white chicken produces a checkered chicken

found on X chromosome, Y chromosome doesnt have a gene for the trait, males only have to inherit 1 recessive gene so they are more likely to have the condition ex)hemophilia

traits controlled by more than two alleles in a population ex)each individual has 2 genes for blood type, bur 3 alleles exist in our population. The type A allele and type B allele are codominant. Type O is recessive. This gives us 4 blood types. (A, AB, B, O)

a picture of an organism's chromosomes; shows if an individual has too many or too few chromosomes

when chromosomes fail to seperate during meiosis and gametes receive extra or missing chromosomes

a change in the DNA of a cell; only passed to offspring if it occurs in a reproductive cell or gamete - can be beneficial ex)mistakes in replication, mistakes in transcription, external agents(chemicals,etc.)

the theory that organisms change over time

structures that are similar and suggest evolution from a common ancestor

structures that have little or no function but were probably used by ancestral organisms

a scientific theory that explains the process of evolution; states that organisms with favorable traits are more likely to survive, reproduce, and pass those traits on to their offspring

the science of naming and classifying organisms

archaebacteria, eubacteria, protista, fungi, plant, and animal

smaller groups of the 6 kingdoms: kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

species name of an organism that includes the genus name followed by the specific name (should be italicized or underlined)

no nucleus, no membrane-bound organelles, smaller, less complex

nucleus, membrane-bound organelles, larger, more complex

organisms with no backbone

organisms with a backbone

algae; produces much of the Earth's oxygen and green algae is said to be the ancestors of plants

protozoa; classified by how they move: flagella, no movement, and pseudopods

slime mold

muscular foot for movement and a mantle ex)snails,squid,etc.

have jointed appendages, an exoskeleton, and body segments ex) insects-flies, ant, grasshopper

move by tiny tube feet, have spiny skin, and live in the ocean ex) sea star, sea cucumber, etc.

pigment that gives the skin color and helps protect it from sun damage

the bones of the arms and legs and the structures associated with them

finger-like projections that absorb nutrients that line the small intestine; the link between the digestive system and the circulatory system

nerve cell

part of the brain divided in two halves. controls your conscious activites, intelligence, memory, language, muscle movement, and senses (nervous system)

part of the brain that controls balance, posture, and coordination (nervous system)

part of the brain; made up of the medulla oblongata(controls involuntary activites like breathing and heart rate), pons, and midbrain (nervous system)

secretes insulin which regulates blood sugar levels (endocrine system)

gland that secretes growth hormone (endocrine system)

secretes thyroxin which regulates metabolism (endocrine system)

produce hormones to prepare body for "fight or flight" (endocrine system)

reproductive hormones (endocrine system)

contain hemoglobin molecules which carry oxygen (circulatory system)

fight disease (circulatory system)

cell fragments that help blood clot (circulatory system)

liquid part of blood (circulatory system)

cary blood away from the heart (circulatory system)

carry blood back to the heart (circulatory system)

tiny vessels that allow for nutrients and gas exchange (circulatory system)

upper chambers of the heart (circulatory system)

lower chambers of the heart (circulatory system)

tiny air sacs where gases are exchanged with the bloodstream (respiratory system)

windpipe (respiratory system)

passageway from the trachea to the lungs (respiratory system)

made up of tiny air sacs calle alveoli (respiratory system)

skin - dermins and epidermis; first line of defense and helps maintain homeostasis

supports the body and protects internal organs, makes red blood cells; bones - axial and appendicular skeleton

lines organs and allows for movement of the bones; 3 types: cardiac (heart), smooth (digestive organs), and skeletal (moves bones)

breaks down food for nutrients to be absorbed and transported to cells by circulatory system; contains mouth, esophagus, stomach, large and small intestines, and the liver

carries messages from the brain throughout the body; made of neurons, central nervous system (brain and spinal cord), and peripheral nervous system (carries messages from body to central nervous system)

produces hormones; consists of the pancreas, pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, testes and ovaries

delivers oxygen and nutrients to cells and picks up waste from cells; consists of heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries - blood

takes in oxygen to be transported to the cells by the circulatory system then releases CO2 that the circulatory system brings back; consists of mouth/nose, trachea, bronchiole tubes, and lungs; diaphragm contracts for inhalation

produce gametes and development of offspring; male and female reproductive systems; sperm and ovules

filters waste from the blood; kidneys and bladder

immune system; tonsils, spleen, thymus

no vessels, or vascular tissue, for transporting water and nutrients; cant grow very large ex)mosses

have two main types of vascular tissue: xylem and phloem

vascular tissue that transports water

vascular tissie the transports food

the nonliving parts of an organisms enviornment ex)air currents, temperature, soil, etc.

the living organisms that inhabit an enviornment

organism that makes their own food (producers)

organisms that feed on other organisms

heterotroph that eats only plants

heterotroph that eats both plants and animals

heterotroph that eats other animals

organisms that break down and absorb dead and decaying plants and animals

symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit

symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits and the other is unharmed

symbiotic relationship in which one member benefits and the other is harmed

the feeding of one organism on another

the maximum number of organisms of a species that an ecosystem can support

needed by organisms to make proteins; bacteria-->plants-->animals-->soil

needed for cell membrane, ATP, DNA and RNA; plants--> animals-->soil

all living things need water to survive; evaporation-->condensation-->precipitation

need carbon and oxygen for photosynthesis, cellular respiration, and life; living things take in carbon and oxygen;when the die, it is returned to the soil