Biology II Lecture: Chapter 51 – Flashcards

Which of the following is true of innate behaviors? A) They are expressed in most individuals in a population. B) They occur with or without environmental stimuli. C) They occur in invertebrates and some vertebrates but not mammals. D) Their expression is only weakly influenced by genes. E) They are limited to invertebrate animals.

According to Hamilton's rule, A) The effects of kin selection are larger than the effects of direct natural selection on individuals. B) Natural selection is more likely to favor altruistic behavior that benefits an offspring than altruistic behavior that benefits the sibling. C) Natural selection does not favor altruistic behavior that causes the death of the altruist. D) Altruism is always reciprocal. E) Natural selection favors altruistic acts when the resulting benefit to the beneficiary, corrected for relatedness, exceeds the cost to the altruist.

Female spotted sandpipers aggresively court males and, after mating, leave the clutch of young for the male to incubate. This sequence may be repeated several times with different males until no available males remain, forcing the female to incubate her last clutch. Which of the following terms best describes this behavior? A) Prosmiscuity B) Monogamy C) Polygyny D) Certainty of Paternity E) Polyandry

A region of the canary forebrain shrinks during the nonbreeding season and enlarges when breeding season begins. This change is probably associated with the annual A) Renewal of mating and nest-building behaviors. B) Addition of new syllables to a canary's song repertoire. C) Sensitive period in which canary parents imprint on new offspring. D) Elimination of the memorized template for songs sung the previous year. E) Crystallization of subsong into adult songs.

Although many chimpanzees live in environments containing oil palm nuts, members of only a few populations use stones to crack open the nuts. The likely explanation is that A) The cultural tradition of using stones to crack nuts has arisn in only some populations. B) Members of different populations have different nutritional requirements. C) Members of different populations differ in manual dexterity. D) The behavioral difference is caused by genetic differences between populations. E) Members of different populations differ in learning ability.

Which of the following is NOT required for a behavioral trait to evolve by natural selection? A) Some component of the behavior is genetically phenotype. B) An individual's genotype influences its behavioral phenotype. C) The behavior varies among individuals. D) In each individual, the form of the behavior is determined entirely by genes. E) An individual's reproductive success depends in part on how the behavior is performed.

Graylag goslings imprint on a nearby object that moves away from them during a sensitive period in the first few hours after they hatch, and follow the object steadfastly from that time on. What is the adaptive value of this behavior? A) This behavior is genetic. B) This behavior is not adaptive because goslings may imprint on objects other than their parents. C) This behavior is likely to increase gosling survival.

Select all that apply. A) A female zebra finch learns to recognize suitable mates by observing her father. B) A female zebra finch that chooses a mate that resembles her father is more likely to reproduce successfully. C) Zebra finches are able to perceive ornamentation through natural selection.

Select all that apply. A) Learned behavior are not subject to genetic influence. B) Most behavioral traits are determined by a single gene. C) Behaviors with a genetic component can evolve through natural selection.

Select all that apply. A) Coastal snakes have a genetically acquired taste for banana slugs. B) Coastal snakes that readily eat banana slugs gain most of their calories from this prey species. C) Coastal snakes can detect odor molecules produced by banana slugs.

Select all that apply. A) Cross-fostering studies provide information about the relative importance of nature and nuture in the development of a trait. B) Cross-fostering studies provide information about the evolutionary relationship between the two species. C) Changes in the behavior of cross-fostered young provide information about how the social and physical environment influences behavior.

An unlearned behavior directly linked to a stimulus that is carried to completion once initiated and is essentially unchangeable is ______. A) A conditioned response B) One that requires parental teaching C) Operant conditioning D) Not species specific E) A fixed action pattern

Bees can see colors we cannot see, and they can detect minute amounts of chemicals we cannot sense. Unlike many insects, bees cannot hear very well. A biologist would probably give which of the following as the ultimate explanation for their poor hearing? A) If a bee could hear, its highly programmed brain would be overwhelmed with information. B) This is an example of altruism. C) Hearing may not contribute much to a bee's reproductive success. D) If bees could hear, the noise of the hive would be overwhelming. E) Bees are too small to have functional ears.

Animal communication involves what type of sensory input? A) Tactile B) Olfactory C) Visual D) Auditory E) All of the above are correct.

A learning process that can occur only during a limited period of the individual's development is called ______. A) Imprinting B) Prenatal Influence C) Instinct D) Conditioning E) Associative Learning

Every morning a graduate student turns on the light in the laboratory and then feeds the fish in the aquarium. After a couple of weeks of this routine, the graduate student notices that the fish come to the surface to feed as the lights are turned on. The behavior of the fish is a result of ______. A) Classical conditioning B) Postitive phototaxis C) Congnition D) Imprinting E) Instinct

Feeding behavior with a high intake to expenditure ratio is called ______. A) Agnostic behavior B) Herbivory C) Heterotrophism D) Optimal foraging E) Scavenging

Imagine that you are studying the food preferences of a lizard species across its range. You have hypothesized that because these populations are fairly separate from one another, the lizards have evolved different food preferences. You discover that in the desert, the lizard seems to prefer various types of flies, whereas at higher, wetter alititudes, it prefers one type of beetle. Does this observation support your hypothesis? A) Yes. Not only do the lizards prefer different foods, but there is also evidence that the foods they prefer are not necessarily the most abundant. B) No. This cannot be determined without first sequencing and comparing the lizards' DNA. C) No. First I need to determine whether the offsping of these lizards, rasied in the laboratory under the same conditions, will reflect the parental food preferences. D) Yes. The lizards obviously prefer different foods. E) No. First, I must determine if both groups can be trained to eat the same type of food.

You observe a large black bird with a shiny black crest engaging in courtship behavior with a little brown bird. It would be reasonable to hypothesize that this is an example of ______. A) Polyandry B) Monogamy C) Polygyny D) Mating with the wrong species E) Polygamy

An individual organism has the option to raise various offspring and/or genetic relatives. Which of the following options represents the greatest genetic success? A) One offspring and two nieces B) Eight first cousins C) Two offspring D) One offspring, one nephew, and two grandchildren E) One full sibling, one grandchild, and two first cousins

The key idea of sociobiology is that ______. A) Human social behavior is the same as animal social behavior. B) Little behavior is inherited; most is learned in social situations. C) Almost all human and animal behavior is preprogrammed. D) Social behavior is am expression of genes that have been perpetuated by natural selection. E) Animal behavior and human behavior are so different they cannot be compared.