Biology Final Unit 4 Test 2 – Flashcards

Natural selection involves energetic trade-offs between or among life history traits such as _____. A) number of reproductive episodes per lifetime. B) age at first reproduction C) number of offspring per reproductive episode D) A and C only E) A, B, and C

A small population of white-footed mice has the same intrinsic rate of increase (r) as a large population. If everything else is equal _____. A) the large population will add more individuals per unit time. B) the growth trajectories of the two populations will proceed in opposite directions. C) the two populations will add equal numbers of individuals per unit time. D) the J-shaped growth curves will look identical. E) the small population will add more individuals per unit time.

In the logistic equation dN/dt = rN, ((K - N)/K), r is a measure of the population's intrinsic rate of increase. It is determined by which of the following? A) death rate B) birth rate C) density D) A and B only E) A, B, and C

Logistic growth of a population is represented by dN/dt = _________. A. ( rN /K) B. rN C. rN (K + N) D. rN ((K - N)/K) E. rN ((N - K)/K)

Exponential growth of a population is represented by dN/dt = _________. A. ( rN /K) B. rN C. rN (K + N) D. rN ((K - N)/K) E. rN ((N - K)/K)

As N approaches K for a certain population, which of the following is predicted by the logistic equation? A) The growth rate will not change. B) The population will show an Allee effect. C) The growth rate will approach zero. D) The carrying capacity of the environment will increase. E) The population will increase exponentially.

In models of sigmoidal (logistic) population growth, _____. A) density-dependent factors affect the rate of population growth B) new individuals are added to the population most rapidly at intermediate population sizes. C) population growth rate slows dramatically as N approaches K. D) All of the above are true. E) Only A and C are true.

The sum total of an organism's interaction with the biotic and abiotic resources of its environment is called its _____. A) microclimax. B) habitat. C) logistic growth. D) biotic potential. E) ecological niche.

Two species of barnacles, Balanus and Chthamalus, can both survive on the lower rocks just above the low- tide line on the Scottish coast, but only Balanus actually does so, with Chthamalus adopting a higher zone. Which of the following best accounts for this niche separation? A) mutualism B) predation of Chthamalus by Balanus C) cooperative displacement D) primary succession E) competitive exclusion

Resource partitioning would be most likely to occur between _____. A) sympatric populations of a predator and its prey. B) allopatric populations of the same animal species. C) sympatric populations of a flowering plant and its specialized insect pollinator. D) allopatric populations of species with similar ecological niches. E) sympatric populations of species with similar ecological niches.

An insect that has evolved to resemble a plant twig will probably be able to avoid _____. A) symbiosis B) predation C) commensalism D) competition E) parasitism

Which of the following is an example of Mullerian mimicry? A) a day-flying hawkmoth that looks like a wasp B) a katydid whose wings look like a dead leaf C) two species of moths that with wing spots that look like owl's eyes D) two species of rattlesnake that both rattle their tails E) two species of unpalatable butterfly that have the same color pattern

Which of the following is an example of aposematic coloration? A) a fawn with fur coloring that camouflages it in the forest environment B) a katydid whose wings look like a dead leaf C) colors of an insect-pollinated flower D) green color of a plant E) color bands on a venomous coral snake

Evidence shows that some grasses benefit from being grazed. Which of the following terms would best describe this plant-herbivore interaction? A) commensalism B) competition C) mutualism D) predation E) parasitism

To measure species diversity in a community, you need to know _____. A) the number of species B) the relative abundance of each species C) the physical size of each species D) both A and B E) A, B, and C

Which of the following members of a marine food chain is most analogous to a grasshopper in a terrestrial food chain? A) phytoplankton B) shark C) fish D) zooplankton E) detritivore

Consider a field plot containing 200 kg of plant material. Approximately how many kg of carnivore production can be supported? A) 200 B) 100 C) 10 D) 2 E) 20

Elephants are not the most common species in African grasslands. The grasslands contain scattered woody plants, but they are kept in check by the uprooting activities of the elephants. Take away the elephants, and the grasslands convert to forests or to shrublands. The newly growing forests support fewer species than the previous grasslands. Elephants can be defined as what type of species in this community? A) keystone B) redundant C) dominant D) dominant and keystone E) none of the above

You are most likely to observe primary succession when you visit a(n) _____. A) old riverbed. B) deep sea vent. C) abandoned field. D) tropical rain forest. E) fairly recent volcanic island.

The rivet model of community structure suggests that _____. A) damaged communities can be repaired if species are added. B) communities are tightly integrated units that may be seriously affected by changes in the abundance of only one species. C) top-down regulation of communities is most important. D) if one species disappears, another will probably take its place. E) most communities are robust in the face of disturbance.

A biologist measures predation rates by crab spiders on flower-visiting insects in a particular field community. Then the biologist experimentally removes as many of the spiders as she can. She discovers that predation rates remain the same but that the major predators shift from spiders to ambush bugs. Which of the following community structure models is most consistent with her findings? A) rivet B) manipulative C) integrated D) redundancy E) individualistic

The decomposers in an ecosystem are _____. A) prokaryotes B) plants. C) insects. D) fungi. E) both A and D

Trophic efficiency is ____. A) the ratio of net secondary production to assimilation of primary production. B) the ratio of net production at one trophic level to the net production at the level below, expressed as a percentage. C) the percentage of production transferred from one trophic level to the next. D) usually greater than production efficiencies. E) both B and C

In general, the total biomass in a terrestrial ecosystem will be greatest for which trophic level? A) tertiary consumers B) secondary consumers C) producers D) herbivores E) primary consumers

Which of the following is primarily responsible for limiting the number of trophic levels in most ecosystems? A) Many primary and higher-order consumers are opportunistic feeders. B) Most predators require large home ranges. C) Each energy transfer is less than 100% efficient. D) Nutrient cycles involve both abiotic and biotic components of ecosystems. E) Nutrient cycling rates tend to be limited by decomposition.

If the flow of energy in an arctic ecosystem goes through a simple food chain from seaweeds to fish to seals to polar bears, then which of the following is true? A) The total energy content of the seaweeds is lower than that of the seals. B) Seals are more numerous than fish. C) Polar bear meat probably contains the highest concentrations of fat-soluble toxins. D) Polar bears can provide more food for people than seals can. E) The carnivores can provide more food for people than the herbivores can.

an autotroph _________ A. hawks B. snakes C. shrews D. grasshoppers E. grass

an herbivore _________ A. hawks B. snakes C. shrews D. grasshoppers E. grass

smallest biomass ________ A. hawks B. snakes C. shrews D. grasshoppers E. grass

tertiary consumer _________ A. hawks B. snakes C. shrews D. grasshoppers E. grass

CO2 and water vapor re-reflect infrared radiation back toward Earth _________ A. green world hypothesis B. turnover C. biological magnification D. greenhouse effect E. eutrophication

caused by excessive nutrient input into lakes _________ A. green world hypothesis B. turnover C. biological magnification D. greenhouse effect E. eutrophication

caused excessively high levels of DDT in fish-eating birds A. green world hypothesis B. turnover C. biological magnification D. greenhouse effect E. eutrophication

Burning fossil fuels releases oxides of sulfur and nitrogen. Ultimately, these are probably responsible for _____. A) calcium deficiency in soils. B) rain with a more acidic pH C) eutrophication of freshwater lakes D) B and C only E) A, B, and C

How is habitat fragmentation related to extinction? A) More soil is subject to erosion. B) Fragments generate silt that negatively affects drainages. C) Populations of organisms in fragments are smaller and, thus, more susceptible to extinction. D) Less carbon dioxide is absorbed by plants. E) Animals are forced out of habitat fragments.

Introduced species can have deleterious effects on biological communities by _____. A) displacing native species. B) competing with native species for resources. C) preying on native species. D) A and B only E) A, B, and C

Forest fragmentation is likely to result in _________. A) a loss of species that live in open habitat. B) an increase in forest-species diversity C) a loss of species that live in the interior of forests. D) B and C only E) A, B, and C