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Biosphere

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All parts of the planet with living things

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Cell

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Basic unit of life

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Cell Specialization

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the process in which cells develop in different ways to perform different tasks

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Eukaryotes

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organisms made up of one or more cells that have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

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homeostasis

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the maintenance of stable internal conditions

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Levels of Structural Organization

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Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

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Populations

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groups of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area

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Prokaryotes

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single-celled organisms that do not have a membrane-bound nucleus

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Species

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group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring

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Themes of Biology

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energy/ system and interactions/structure and function / unity with diversity/ evalution/ homeostasis/ cooperation

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Controlled Experiments

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an experiment in which only one variable is manipulated at a time.

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Data

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information gathered from observations

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Hypothesis

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possible explanation for a set of observations or a suggested answer to a scientific question

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Conclusion

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Restates hypothesis, says if it was correct, why/why not, and what you would have done differently

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Inference

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logical conclusion

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Theory

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well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations

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Variables

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factors that can change in an experiment

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Atomic Mass

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total mass of the protons and neutrons in an atom, measured in atomic mass units

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Atomic Number

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the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

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Chemical Reactions

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breaking of old and formation of new chemical bonds that result in new substances

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Compounds

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combination of 2 or more elements

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Ions

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electrically charged atoms that have gained or lost electrons.

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Isotopes

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atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons

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Nonpolar molecules

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A molecule that has an equal distribution of electrical charge across all its constituent atoms.

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pH

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measure of how acidic or basic a solution is

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Polar molecules

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molecules in which the charges are unevenly distributed; they can attract each other

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Products

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the elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction

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Radioactive Isotopes

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Atoms that are unstable, meaning they decay, or break down, to form stable atoms of a different element

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Reactants

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the elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction

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Solute

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the dissolved substance in a solution

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Solution

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a mixture in which one substance is dissolved in another

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Solvent

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a liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances

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Subatomic particles and their characteristics

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proton (+), neutron (o), electron (-)

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Types of Chemical Bonds

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hydrogen, covalent, ionic

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Amino Acids

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Simple forms of protein normally used to build tissues or, under some conditions, burned for energy

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Carbohydrates

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main source of energy for the body

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Catalyst

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substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction

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Enzyme

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specialized proteins that speed up chemical reactions

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Inorganic Molecules

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non-carbon based molecules

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Lipids

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nonpolar molecules that are not soluble or mostly insoluble in water

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Nucleic Acids

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very long organic compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorous, contain instructions that cells need to carry out all the functions of life

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Organic Molecules

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molecules that contain carbon

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Proteins

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nutrients that help build and maintain body cells and tissues

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Active Transport

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the movement of materials through a cell membrane using energy

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Cell Theory

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The theory that cells form the fundamental structural and functional units of all living organisms

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Cell Wall

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a thin membrane around the cytoplasm of a cell

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Chloroplast

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plastid containing chlorophyll and other pigments

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Cytoskeleton

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a microscopic network of actin filaments and microtubules in the cytoplasm of many living cells that gives the cell shape and coherence

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Differences between plant and animal cells

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Animal cells do not have rigid cell walls, plant cells have chloroplasts and contain chlorophyl, and plant cells have a larger central vacuole

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Diffusion

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process by which molecules tend to move from an area where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated

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Equilibrium

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a state of balance

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Golgi Apparatus

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stack of membranes in the cell that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum

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Hypertonic solution

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in cells, solution in which the concentration of dissolved substances outside the cell is higher than the concentration inside the cell; causes a cell to shrink as water leaves the cell

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Hypotonic solution

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in cells, solution in which the concentration of dissolved substances is lower in the solution outside the cell than the concentration inside the cell; causes a cell to swell and possibly burst as water enters the cell

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Isotonic solution

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a solution in which the concentration of solutes is essentially equal to that of the cell which resides in the solution

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Lysosome

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membrane-bound sac containing digestive enzymes that can break down proteins, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides

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Mitochondria

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Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production

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Nucleus

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a part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction

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Osmosis

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diffusion of molecules through a semipermeable membrane from a place of higher concentration to a place of lower concentration until the concentration on both sides is equal

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Passive Transport

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The movement of materials through a cell membrane without using energy

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Path of a Protein

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Rough E.R. - Vesicle - Golgi - Vesicle - Plasmic membrane

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Plasma membrane characteristics

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primarily phospholipid bilayer, hydrophilic with a polar head consisting of a phosphate group and glycerol, hydrophobic with a non polar tail consisting of fatty acids, not very rigid (eukaryotic plasma membranes contain sterols and are more rigid with the exception of mycoplasm) protein molecules throught the membrane.

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Ribosome

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An organelle that functions in the synthesis of proteins

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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

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System of internal membranes within the cytoplasm. Membranes are rough due to the presence of ribosomes. functions in transport of substances such as proteins within the cytoplasm

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Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

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no ribosomes are found on surface; contains collection of enzymes that perform special tasks that include the synthesis of membrane lipids and detoxification; the liver contains a lot of smooth er

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Aerobic

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Chemical reactions that require the presence of oxygen. More ATP

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Anaerobic

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process that does not require oxygen. Makes less ATP

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ATP

answer

adenosine triphosphate, an organic molecule that acts as the main energy source for cell processes; composed of a nitrogenous base, a sugar, and three phosphate groups

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Autotrophs

answer

organisms that use energy from sunlight or from chemical bonds in inorganic substances to make organic compounds

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Cellular Respiration

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the metabolic processes whereby certain organisms obtain energy from organic molecules

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Consumers

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an organism that obtains energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains.

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Fermentation

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a process in which an agent causes an organic substance to break down into simpler substances. Releasing ATP

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Glycolysis

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a metabolic process that breaks down carbohydrates and sugars through a series of reactions to either pyruvic acid or lactic acid and release energy for the body in the form of ATP

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Heterotrophs

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consumers, they rely on other organisms for their energy and food supply

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Krebs Cycle

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second stage of cellular respiration, in which pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions

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Producers

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organisms that make their own food

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Calvin Cycle

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reactions of photosynthesis in which energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugars

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Chlorophyll

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any of a group of green pigments found in photosynthetic organisms

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Photosynthesis

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process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy carbohydrates such as sugars and starches

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Cancer

answer

any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division

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Cell Cycle

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series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide

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Centromere

answer

a specialized condensed region of each chromosome that appears during mitosis where the chromatids are held together to form an X shape

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Chromosomes

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threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes.

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Crossing Over

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the interchange of sections between pairing homologous chromosomes during the prophase of meiosis

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Cytokinesis

answer

organic process consisting of the division of the cytoplasm of a cell following karyokinesis bringing about the separation into two daughter cells

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Diploid

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an organism or cell having two sets of chromosomes or twice the haploid number

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Haploid

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an organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes

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Meiosis

answer

cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms

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Mitosis

answer

cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes

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Phases of Mitosis

answer

Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

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Sister Chromatids

answer

Replicated forms of a chromosome joined together by the centromere and eventually separated during mitosis or meiosis II.

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Codominance

answer

situation in which both alleles of a gene contribute to the phenotype of the organism

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Dihybrid Cross

answer

hybridization using two traits with two alleles each

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Dominant Traits

answer

Traits that always show in a person even if only one gene of the pair is inherited for the trait

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Heterozygous

answer

having dissimilar alleles at corresponding chromosomal loci

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Homozygous

answer

having identical alleles at corresponding chromosomal loci

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Independent assortment

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the random distribution of the pairs of genes on different chromosomes to the gametes

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Monohybrid cross

answer

hybridization using a single trait with two alleles (as in Mendel's experiments with garden peas)

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Polygenic Inheritance

answer

combined effect of two or more genes on a single character

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Probability

answer

a measure of how likely it is that some event will occur

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Punnett Square

answer

a chart that shows all the possible combinations of alleles that can result from a genetic cross

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Recessive Traits

answer

traits that typically do not show in a person unless both genes for the trait are inherited

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