Biology [CHAPTER 42] (Circulation and Gas Exchange) – Flashcards

Which type of epithelial tissue would you suppose covers the gills of axolotls? A) stratified squamous epithelium B) simple columnar epithelium C) simple squamous epithelium D) stratified cuboidal epithelium E) stratified columnar epithelium

Which of the following is a function of the circulatory system? A) producing mucus B) transporting nutrients C) eliminating hormones D) producing wastes E) All of the listed responses are correct.

An open circulatory system _____. A) is less common in crabs and beetles than in mice and snakes B) unlike a closed circulatory system, does not rely on muscle contraction C) allows interstitial fluid to mix freely with vascular fluid D) restricts the backflow of blood by valves in the trachea E) has no valves

Why do larger animals, such as a bullfrog, require a circulatory system, but animals such as a planarian do not? A) Each cell in a bullfrog requires more oxygen and nutrients than each cell in a planarian. B) The cells of a bullfrog are many times larger than the cells of a planarian. C) Diffusion is inadequate to move gases through the body surface and into all parts of a larger animal body. However, diffusion alone is sufficient to move gases in and out of the thin body of a planarian. D) Gases do not diffuse through bone. Therefore, any animal with bones, such as a bullfrog, has to have a circulatory system. Any animal without bones, such as a planarian, does not have a circulatory system. E) None of the choices is correct.

In which animal does the circulatory system include a heart and a system of closed vessels? A) sea anemone B) sponge C) fish D) beetle E) crayfish

The function of the pulmonary circuit in a dog is to _____. A) carry oxygen and nutrients to tissues where they are needed B) retrieve waste products from the body tissues C) carry blood through the heart, lungs, and all of the body tissues D) carry carbon dioxide to the lungs and pick up oxygen from the lungs E) carry absorbed nutrients from the small intestine to the liver

In a fish, blood circulates through _____, whereas in a mammal, it circulates through _____. A) two circuits ... four circuits B) one circuit ... two circuits C) four circuits ... two circuits D) one circuit ... four circuits E) two circuits ... one circuit

Which of the following is an example of a portal vein? A) a blood vessel carrying blood from the stomach to the liver B) a blood vessel carrying blood from the heart to the lungs C) a blood vessel carrying blood from the lungs to the heart D) a blood vessel carrying blood from the major muscles of the lower leg back to the heart E) a blood vessel carrying blood from the heart to the muscles of the lower leg

All known birds and mammals have _____. A) a double circulatory system and a four-chambered heart B) a single circulatory system and a four-chambered heart C) a double circulatory system and a three-chambered heart D) a double circulatory system and a two-chambered heart E) a single circulatory system and a two-chambered heart

What is unique about blood in pulmonary arteries compared with blood in other arteries? A) Blood in pulmonary arteries is always blue; it is red in all other arteries. B) It is moving away from the heart. C) It is moving toward the heart. D) It is loaded with carbon dioxide. E) There is no difference; it is the same as blood in other arteries.

Which chamber(s) of a human heart receive(s) and pump(s) oxygenated blood? A) left ventricle and left atrium B) left atrium and right atrium C) left atrium only D) right atrium and right ventricle E) left ventricle only

Blood leaves the inferior vena cava and flows directly into the _____. A) left atrium B) lungs C) pulmonary artery D) right atrium E) superior vena cava

Heart valves function to _____. A) keep blood moving forward through the heart B) mix blood thoroughly as it passes through the heart C) control the amount of blood pumped by the heart D) slow blood down as it passes through the heart E) propel blood as it passes through the heart

Pressure is greatest in the ventricles when _____. A) blood arrives at the right ventricle B) blood arrives at the left atrium C) AV valves are open and semilunar valves are closed D) the ventricles contract E) the atria contract during early systole

The SA node generates an electrical impulse from its location in the _____. A) left atrium, causing ventricular contraction B) left ventricle wall, from which the impulse is carried to the bundle branches and on to the Purkinje fibers C) right atrium, causing atrial contraction D) left ventricle, causing atrial contraction E) None of the listed responses is correct.

A recording of the electrical activity of a patient's heart shows that the atria are contracting regularly and normally, but every few beats the ventricles fail to contract. Which of the following is probably functioning improperly? A) AV node B) aortic semilunar valve C) coronary artery D) SA node E) AV valve

Your blood pressure is 120/70. The "120" indicates _____, and the "70" indicates _____. A) pressure in the left ventricle ... pressure in the right ventricle B) arterial pressure ... venous pressure C) arterial pressure during heart contraction ... arterial pressure during heart relaxation D) pressure in the left ventricle ... pressure in the left atrium E) pressure in the systemic system ... pressure in the pulmonary system

If resistance increases in the capillary beds of the lung, which structure would be affected first? A) aorta B) right atrium C) left atrium D) right ventricle E) left ventricle

Which of the following is the main factor that causes lymph to move through lymphatic vessels? A) blood pressure B) osmotic pressure C) contractions of capillaries D) contractions of body muscles near lymph vessels E) diffusion

When we compare the structures and functions of arteries and veins, we find that the walls of arteries are _____, the blood pressure inside arteries is _____, and the blood in arteries is moving _____ the heart. A) thicker ... higher ... away from B) thinner ... lower ... away from C) thinner ... lower ... toward D) thicker ... lower ... toward E) thinner ... higher ... away from

Which of the following decreases blood pressure? A) vasodilation B) vasoconstriction C) the peptide endothelin D) contraction of the ventricles of the heart E) All of the listed responses are correct.

A mutation that results in a nonfunctioning nitric oxide receptor would cause _____. A) increased vasoconstriction B) decreased vasoconstriction C) decreased blood pressure D) increased vasodilation E) decreased vasodilation

What would you expect to see in an individual with low levels of blood protein in the capillaries? A) increased movement of fluid into the capillaries from the extracellular environment B) increased blood pressure C) a net gain of fluid in the capillaries D) decreased lymph E) edema in the body tissues

Which of the following is a function of erythrocytes (red blood cells)? A) scavenging dead cells B) synthesizing antibodies C) engulfing bacteria D) engulfing viruses E) None of the listed responses is correct.

A patient with which of the following conditions would probably benefit by injections of purified multipotent stem cells? A) impaired resistance to infection B) leukemia C) AIDS D) sickle-cell disease E) All of the listed responses are correct.

The primary sealant(s) that plug(s) leaks in damaged blood vessels is/are _____. A) fibrin B) red blood cells C) white blood cells D) platelets E) hemoglobin

What is atherosclerosis? A) chest pain due to a partial blockage of the coronary arteries B) hardening of the arteries by accumulation of fatty deposits C) damage to or death of cardiac muscle tissue due to a blockage in the coronary arteries D) a failure of blood to clot E) lack of oxygen to the brain, leading to a death of nervous tissue there

An individual suffering from _____ has irregularly shaped erythrocytes and may suffer from severe pain and organ swelling. A) atherosclerosis B) anemia C) stroke D) angina pectoris E) sickle-cell disease

What is the physiological cause of a heart attack? A) rupture of coronary arteries B) severe angina C) a blood clot moving through the chambers of the heart D) a blood clot lodging in a blood vessel supplying the heart E) scar tissue in the heart muscle

For a body surface to be a respiratory surface, it must _____. A) be dry and covered with hair B) be moist and glandular C) have a large surface area D) be thin and moist E) be internal

Gas exchange in the gills of a bony fish is maximized by which of the following? A) a tracheal system B) negative pressure breathing C) alveoli D) countercurrent exchange E) positive pressure breathing

Which respiratory organ is most often found only in fully aquatic animals? A) tracheae B) lungs C) air sacs called alveoli D) skin surface E) gills

Countercurrent exchange in the gills of a fish _____. A) speeds up the flow of water through the gills B) maintains a gradient that enhances diffusion C) enables blood oxygenation in fish regardless of the direction of water flow relative to blood flow D) means that blood and water flow in the same direction E) interferes with the efficient absorption of oxygen

What is the major reason land-dwelling mammals evolved lungs rather than gills as a primary respiratory organ? A) Gills are not as efficient as lungs in picking up oxygen. B) Gills are too small to provide oxygen for a mammal. C) Protecting gas-exchange surfaces from desiccation is difficult in terrestrial environments. D) Air has higher oxygen content than water, so gills were no longer necessary. E) Gills work only in aquatic animals; lungs work only in terrestrial animals.

What is the order of passage as air is inhaled during ventilation of the lungs in a typical mammal? A) nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, bronchiole, bronchus, trachea, alveolus B) nasal cavity, larynx, pharynx, trachea, bronchus, bronchiole, alveolus C) nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchus, bronchiole, alveolus D) nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchiole, bronchus, alveolus E) nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, larynx, bronchus, bronchiole, alveolus

Which of the following components of the mammalian gas exchange system has a surface covered by a thin film of mucus without cilia? A) trachea B) midsize to small bronchioles C) bronchi D) major bronchioles E) alveoli

Which structure in a human is most similar in function to the gill lamellae of a fish? A) vocal cords B) bronchioles C) alveoli D) trachea E) diaphragm

In the alveoli and lung capillaries, carbon dioxide and oxygen are exchanged by means of _____. A) diffusion B) active transport C) endocytosis D) pinocytosis E) osmosis

When you exhale, _____. A) both the diaphragm and rib muscles contract B) both the diaphragm and the rib muscles relax C) the rib muscles contract and the air pressure in the alveoli becomes lower than atmospheric pressure D) the volume of the chest cavity increases E) the diaphragm relaxes and the lungs expand

The maximum amount of air a person can exhale, after maximal inhalation, is called _____. A) vital capacity B) tidal volume C) residual capacity D) ventilation volume E) end tidal volume

Which of the following statements about the respiratory systems of mammals and birds is true? A) Mammals have a higher maximum lung oxygen concentration than birds. B) In both types of animals, the sites of gas exchange are parabronchi. C) Mammals perform better at higher altitudes. D) The gas exchange system of mammals is confined to the thoracic cavity, but that of birds is not. E) In both types of animals, air flows through the lungs in only one direction.

What happens when the CO2 level from cellular respiration increases in the blood? A) Cellular respiration decreases. B) A decrease in the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid triggers the brain's breathing control centers, which stimulate diaphragm and rib muscle contractions. C) The pH of the cerebrospinal fluid also increases and is detected by O2 sensors in arteries near the heart. D) The O2 level automatically increases. E) The medulla, moderated by the pons, signals the heart muscle to beat harder, bringing in more O2.

When you hold your breath, which of the following blood gas changes leads initially to the urge to breathe again? A) rising oxygen concentration B) rising carbon dioxide concentration C) falling oxygen concentration D) falling carbon dioxide concentration E) None of the listed responses is correct.

What causes CO2 in the blood to decrease? A) Exercise B) Increased cellular respiration C) hyperventilation D) All of the listed responses are correct. E) None of the listed responses are correct.

Which of the following would increase the release of oxygen from red blood cells? A) a decrease in pH and a decrease in the PO2 B) a decrease in pH and an increase in the PO2 C) an increase in pH and an increase in the PO2 D) an increase in pH and a decrease in the PO2 E) None of the listed responses is correct.

How does myoglobin aid diving mammals such as the Weddell seal? A) It allows diving seals to store twice as much oxygen in their blood as the average human of similar size. B) It allows diving seals to store a considerable amount of oxygenated blood in their spleens. C)It allows diving seals to store a considerable amount of oxygenated blood in their muscles. D) It allows seals to switch from cellular respiration to fermentation after the oxygen in muscle cells has been depleted. E) None of the listed responses is correct.