Biology 124 chapters 16,17,31, & 32 – Flashcards

one-tenth as big as; weigh about 10 times as much as the total mass of eukaryote cells

dependent upon

bacilli.

methanogens

bioremediation

are the only prokaryotes with plantlike oxygen-generating photosynthesis.

anthrax and botulinum toxin.

multiple clades of eukaryotes with some lineages more closely related to plants, animals, or fungi than they are to other protists.

pseudopodia

chemoheterotrophs

stomata.

angiosperms.

alternation of generations.

gametophyte.

a male gametophyte

pollen grain

anther; stigma

sporophyte; gametophytes

fruits.

are large, light-colored, and highly scented.

hyphae.

mycelium; hyphae

basidiomycetes.

plants; smuts; rusts

an association between a fungus and cyanobacteria or green algae

a nocturnal pollinator.

eudicots.

the point of leaf attachment

guard cells

phloem.

parenchyma

differentiation

one

stamen.

ovaries

ovules

double fertilization

fruit.

from carbon dioxide in the atmosphere

transpiration.

transpiration

stomata.

carbon

N, P, and K

Drip irrigation uses less water than traditional methods.

the conversion of ammonia to nitrate.

organic matter decays so slowly there.

obtain energy from sunlight and use carbon dioxide for carbon.

obtain energy from sunlight but get their carbon atoms from organic molecules.

harvest energy from inorganic chemicals and use carbon dioxide for carbon.

acquire energy and carbon from organic molecules.

are spherical prokaryotic cells.

Bacilli are rod-shaped prokaryotes and may also be threadlike.

Spiral prokaryotes are like a corkscrew. Short and rigid prokaryotes are called spirilla. Longer, more flexible cells are called spirochetes.

occurs by binary fission, can rapidly produce a new generation within hours, and can generate a great deal of genetic variation by spontaneous mutations, increasing the likelihood that some members of the population will survive changes in the environment.

capture energy from sunlight.

harness the energy stored in chemicals.

obtain carbon atoms from carbon dioxide.

obtain their carbon atoms from the organic compounds present in other organisms.

are complex associations of one or several species of prokaryotes and may also include protists and fungi. are large and complex "cities" of microbes

are surrounded by a cell wall made of chitin instead of cellulose.

are any rapidly growing fungus that reproduces asexually by producing spores.

are single-celled fungi that reproduce asexually by cell division or budding.

are the only fungi with flagellated spores and earliest lineage of fungi.

such as wheat and corn, have one cotyledon, parallel leaf venation, scattered vascular bundles, flower parts in threes or multiples of three, and fibrous roots.

which are most plants are, have two cotyledons, branched leaf venation, a ring of vascular bundles, flower parts in fours or fives (or multiples), and a taproot system.

Plants use a ______________ to anchor the plant in the soil, absorb and transport water and minerals, and store food.

the points at which leaves are attached

the portions of the stem between nodes.

are at the apex of stems, with developing leaves and a compact series of nodes and internodes.

are found in the angles formed by the leaf and the stem.

are tiny tubular projections off of roots that greatly increase the surface area for absorption.

tissue contains water-conducting cells that convey water and dissolved minerals upward from roots

tissue contains cells that transport sugars and other organic nutrients from leaves or storage tissues to other parts of the plant.

Dermal tissue provides a protective outer covering.

provides support and long-distance transport.

composes the bulk of the plant body and is involved in food production, storage, and support.

are the most abundant type of cell in most plants,

lack a secondary cell wall

have a thick secondary cell wall usually strengthened with lignin, the main chemical component of wood

Animal growth is _____________, stopping after a certain size is reached.

Plant growth is _______________, continuing throughout a plant's life

complete their life cycle in one year.

complete their life cycle in two years.

live for many years.

a waxy layer called the ____________, which reduces water loss.

are male reproductive structures.

are female reproductive structures.

house and protect seeds and aid in their dispersal.

the accumulation of water in roots by osmosis, can push xylem sap up a few meters.

the loss of water by evaporation from leaves (and other aerial parts of a plant)

is the sticking together of molecules of the same kind.

is the sticking together of molecules of different kinds.

There are eight ______________ that plants require in relatively small amounts.

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and magnesium.

including many orchids, grow anchored on other plants and absorb water and minerals from rain.

such as the mistletoe, may not use photosynthesis, use their roots to tap into the host plant's vascular system, and absorb sugars and minerals from the host plant.

such as a sundew plant or Venus flytrap, capture and digest small animals such as insects, absorb inorganic elements from prey, and are found in nutrient-poor environments.

or topsoil, is subject to weathering and contains humus (decayed organic matter) and many soil organisms.

primarily consists of clay and dissolved elements.

consists of rocks of the "parent material" from which soil is formed.

Bacteria and Archae

live in habitats too cold, too hot, too salty, too acidic, and too alkaline